The Missouri Supreme Court has set a Feb. 1, 2006, execution date for a man who pleaded guilty to killing a Kansas City teenager more than 15 years ago. Michael Taylor, 38, pleaded guilty to first-degree murder, forcible rape, armed criminal action and kidnapping for the March 1989 killing of Ann Harrison.

Court documents state that Ann, 15, was waiting for her school bus when Taylor and his accomplice, Roderick Nunley, forced her into their stolen vehicle. According to court records, Taylor raped Harrison in Nunley's mother's basement and Nunley facilitated the rape and then helped Nunley kill her because they were afraid she would identify them.

Nunley entered guilty pleas to first degree murder, for which he was sentenced to death; armed criminal action; kidnapping; and forcible rape. Nunley pleaded guilty to the four charged offenses without a sentencing recommendation from the state, which had indicated it would seek the death penalty even if he pleaded guilty. Both were sentenced to death in 1991 and then, after their sentences were overturned, were again sentenced to death in 1994.

Michael Taylor (born January 30, 1967) is a Missouri prison inmate on death row, convicted of raping and murdering 15-year-old Ann Harrison after abducting her from a school bus stop in Raytown, Missouri on March 22, 1989. Taylor was aided by Roderick Nunley, also currently on Missouri's death row for the same crime. Taylor and Nunley, by their own admissions in court, were under the influence of crack cocaine at the time of the crime.

Taylor was scheduled to be executed February 1, 2006, but was granted a stay of execution by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The stay was issued on the grounds that lethal injection in Taylor's case could be cruel and unusual punishment. Missouri asked the Supreme Court to vacate the stay, allowing the execution. Justice Samuel Alito, in his first official act on the Supreme Court, voted with the majority (6-3) to refuse Missouri's request. Alito's vote made headlines because he did not vote with Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas and Chief Justice John Roberts, said to be the conservative wing of the court.

State of Missouri v. Michael Taylor
929 S.W.2d 209 (Mo.banc 1996)

Case Facts:

After using drugs, Roderick Nunley and Michael Taylor stole a car. While driving the car, the two men spotted a fifteen-year old girl waiting for her school bus. Taylor allegedly stated he wanted to steal the girl’s purse, and Nunley, who was driving, stopped the car. Taylor spoke to the girl and then grabbed her and forced her into the car. Nunley then drove to his mother’s house.

The girl was taken out of the car and forced to crawl down to the basement. Taylor then raped the girl. At some point, Nunley gave Taylor some lubricant to facilitate the forced sexual intercourse. After the assault, the two men forced the girl into the trunk of the stolen car and tied her up. After Taylor stated he was afraid the girl would identify him, the two men decided to kill the girl. Nunley retrieved two knives from the kitchen and both men stabbed the girl. Nunley knew the girl was going to die from her wounds. (The former county medical examiner testified the victim was stabbed ten times and she died approximately thirty minutes later.) The men drove to a nearby neighborhood and parked the car, leaving the girl in the trunk. Nunley gave a videotaped confession to the police.

MissouriDeathRow.Com

In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court of Missouri upheld a lower court ruling that Michael Taylor cannot claim his original lawyer failed to file post-conviction motions in a timely manner.- May 20, 2008.

Case Facts: On the evening of March 21, 1989, Michael Taylor and companion Roderick Nunley stole a car and used drugs. At about 7:00 a.m. on Mach 22, they saw 15-year-old Ann Harrison waiting for the school bus at the end of her driveway. Taylor allegedly stated he wanted to steal the girl’s purse, and Nunley, who was driving, stopped the car. Taylor spoke to the girl and then grabbed her and forced her into the car. Nunley then drove to this mother’s house where the girl was taken out of the car and forced to crawl down to the basement. Taylor then raped the girl.

After the assauat, the two men forced the girl into the trunk of the stolen car and tied her up. After Taylor stated he was afraid the girl would identify him, the two men decided to kill the girl. Nunley retreived two knives from the kitchen and both men stabbed the girl. Nunley knew the girl was going to die from her wounds. (The former county medical examiner testified the victim was stabbed 10 times and she died approximately 30 minutes later). The men drove to a nearby neighborhood and parked the car, leaving the girl in the turnk. Nunley gave a videotaped conffession to the police.

This entry was posted in Current Death Row Inmates on December 4, 2008 by smays. P>

Missouri.Net

Michael Taylor never denied his part in the rape and murder of fifteen-year old Ann Harrison of Kansas City a quarter century ago. He went to his death at 12:10 a.m. today with no words of regret. Taylor became the fourth Missouri inmate executed in a little more than three months. His accomplice also faces execution at an undetermined time. Five grams of pentobarbital ended his life nine minutes after the lethal injection process began.

Members of the Harrison family had no comment after the execution. They will return to the Bonne Terre prison for the execution of accomplice Roderick Nunley. A close friend of the Harrison family, retired Kansas City homicide Sergeant David Bernard, told the Missourinet after the execution he and his wife believe the execution provides no justice for Ann Harrison. “This is just retribution,” they said. Bernard was critical of lawyers and a court system that kept Taylor alive for 25 years, often with frivolous lawsuits that judges should have thrown out.

Ann Harrison might have celebrated her fortieth birthday last weekend if Taylor and Nunley had not snatched her while she was waiting for a bus just a few yards from her home that day in 1989.

AUDIO: Bernard interview 7:40
AUDIO: Post-execution news conference 8:23

"Attorney General statement on execution of Michael Taylor," by Mike Lear. (February 26, 2014)

Upon the completion of the execution of Michael Taylor, Attorney General Chris Koster released this statement: “Over 9,100 days have passed since the morning Michael Taylor and Roderick Nunley kidnapped 15-year-old Ann Harrison as she waited for her school bus. Taylor and Nunley raped her, repeatedly stabbed her, and left her to die in the trunk of a stolen car. Taylor spent 20 years attempting to convince the courts to overturn his death sentence – five years longer than Ann Harrison lived on this earth. Please take a moment to keep Ann and her family in your thoughts and prayers.”

"Agency reports Michael Taylor has been executed, by Mike Lear. (February 26, 2014)

The Department of Public Safety has issued a statement saying that the execution by lethal injection of 47-year-old Michael Taylor has been carried out. Taylor was pronounced dead at 12:10 a.m. at the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonne Terre.

Taylor was one of two men that pleaded guilty to the 1989 murder of 15-year-old Ann Harrison of Kansas City. He and Roderick Nunley both admitted to abducting Harrison from the driveway of her home where she was waiting for a school bus. Taylor had raped the girl with Nunley’s help in the basement of Nunley’s mother’s home before fatally stabbing her and abandoning her body in the trunk of a car. Nunley is also sentenced to death. Taylor had been set to be executed once before, in 2006, but that was stopped with just hours to go.

"State hopes to execute Michael Taylor," by Bob Priddy. (AUDIO) February 25, 2014.

Missouri’s fourth execution in a little more than three months is scheduled for tonight. Michael Taylor’s 15 year old victim, Ann Harrison, would have celebrated her 40th birthday last Saturday. But Taylor and another man facing execution kidnapped her while she waited for a Kansas City bus, raped her, and stabbed her about forty times, and left her body in the trunk of a car.

Taylor’s lawyers are hoping to block the execution with a flurry of appeals, many targeting the Corrections Department’s secrecy about how it is getting the drug it hopes to use tonight. Corrections Director George Lombardi says the supplier of the drug is a secret, by law, and steps are taken to keep it that way. “That process has been the same since the Ashcroft administration,” he tells the Senate Appropriations Committee. The department paid the source of the pentobarbital used in the most recent execution $8,000, cash. An Oklahoma pharmacy that some reports say compounded the drug used in executions has never admitted being the supplier. But it says it is not the source of the drug the department plans to use tonight. The department says it has found a new, in-state, supplier.

State senator Dan Brown, a veterinarian, doubts pentobarbital causes any pain, as critics claim. He says it was the main anesthetic used for surgery when he began his career forty years ago. Brown says he uses it to put animals to sleep–that no pet owner wants to see a pet suffer. And he says they don’t. “This is an anesthetic overdose for all intent and purpose,” he says.

Co-defendant Roderick Nunley remains under a death sentence. The Missouri Supreme Court has not set an execution date for him.

AUDIO: Lombardi & Senate committee 19:23

"Despite court challenges, state prepared to execute Michael Taylor next week," by Jessica Machetta. (VIDEO) 02/20/14.

The Missouri Department of Corrections is prepared to carry out the execution of Michael Taylor on Feb. 26 pursuant to the warrant issued by the Missouri Supreme Court. That’s the statement from the Department itself, and backed by the Governor.

A compounding pharmacy in Oklahoma that has supplied the pentobarbital used in the last three executions was ordered by a court in that state to cease sales to Missouri for the purpose of executions. At that time, the Attorney General’s Office told Missourinet that “The Attorney General’s Office is not involved in the Oklahoma litigation. The Missouri Supreme Court has not withdrawn the warrant for Mr. Taylor’s execution.” According to the Kansas City Star, Missouri officials now say they’ve arranged with an unidentified pharmacy to provide the lethal injection chemical for use in Taylor’s execution.

Meanwhile, Taylor’s attorneys have asked a federal judge to stay the execution, saying the state has no lawful way to carry out the lethal injection. “We work very hard to make sure that the ultimate penalty in the state of Missouri is carried out in as humane as way as possible,” Gov. Jay Nixon said. “And we’re prepared for the execution next week. I understand others can have opinions and thoughts … my thoughts are with the review process obviously for potential commutation down the stretch but more importantly that that for the victims that continue to miss their loved ones from heinous crimes like this. We are prepared to move forward to complete this punishment in a timely fashion.”

Taylor is on Death Row for the 1989 killing of 15-year-old Ann Harrison. He and Roderick Nunley both pleaded guilty to kidnapping Harrison as she waited for the school bus, raping her, stabbing her, and leaving her in the trunk of stolen car they later abandoned, where she succumbed to her injuries. The Supreme Court has not re-issued a death warrant for Nunley at this time.

Kansas City Star

"Missouri executes Michael A. Taylor for 1989 murder of teenager," by Tony Rizzo. (February 26)

BONNE TERRE, Mo. — A Kansas City man who kidnapped, raped and killed a Raytown South High School freshman in 1989 was executed by lethal injection early today. Michael Anthony Taylor, 47, was pronounced dead at 12:10 a.m.

Taylor and co-defendant Roderick Nunley pleaded guilty and were sentenced to death for fatally stabbing 15-year-old Ann Harrison on March 22, 1989, after kidnapping her from in front of her southeast Kansas City home while she waited for the school bus.

In a brief phone conversation with The Kansas City Star just hours before the execution, Taylor said he had written a letter to Ann’s parents and that a prison official assured him it would be offered to them. In the letter, Taylor said, he expressed “my sincerest apology and heartfelt remorse.” “I hope that they’ll accept it,” Taylor said of the letter. An execution date for Nunley, 48, has not been set. Wednesday’s execution was the fourth carried out in Missouri since late November, when it adopted the use of the sedative pentobarbital to execute prisoners.

It came after a day of intense and multifaceted legal challenges to Taylor’s execution in state and federal courts that ended when the U.S. Supreme Court denied Taylor’s last request for a stay. Earlier Tuesday, Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon denied Taylor’s request for clemency. After the execution, Nixon released this statement: “Our thoughts and prayers tonight are with Bob and Janel Harrison, and the other members of Ann Harrison's family, as they remember the 15-year-old child they lost to an act of senseless violence.” Friends and members of both the Harrison and Taylor families witnessed the execution. Among the state witnesses was retired Kansas City homicide Sgt. Dave Bernard, who was an investigator on the case.

Taylor’s death came a little less than a month short of the 25th anniversary of Ann’s killing. Taylor’s family issued a statement Tuesday night: “The family of Michael Anthony Taylor would like to express their gratitude to all of those who supported Michael over the years. It may be a small victory for the State of Missouri but Michael has won in the end. He has struggled for years with the guilt of not stopping a horrendous crime, and has dedicated much of his time in prison to the memory of Ann Harrison through his work with hospice, tutoring and mentoring inside and outside the prison walls. Those heartfelt accomplishments will accompany him into the gates of Heaven where he will be joined by his family and beloved angel.” Ann's father, Bob Harrison, attended the execution, but did not want to make a statement afterward.

Though he was raised in a two-parent, church-going home, Taylor fell into a pattern of petty crimes and drug use that landed him in trouble. He and Nunley, who grew up in the same central Kansas City neighborhood, were cruising around in a car they had stolen the day before in Grandview when they randomly chose to drive down Ann’s street in the early morning light. They later told police that they had been binging on crack cocaine that morning. Both ultimately confessed, although each portrayed the other as the aggressor in the attack.

After spotting Ann, one attacker got out of the car, grabbed her and tossed her into the vehicle. She screamed and fought, but they threatened to kill her if she did not stop. They drove her to the home of Nunley’s mother in south Kansas City. They forced her into the basement and bound her hands with wire.

In his confession, Taylor said that they both raped her. His DNA was recovered. There was no physical evidence linking Nunley to the sexual assault, and he has always denied that he raped her. While she was enduring the assault, her family and friends were beginning the frantic search for Ann, whose books, purse and flute case were left neatly piled on the ground. After raping her, they debated whether to kill her. Nunley said Taylor insisted on it. Taylor said it was Nunley. A prosecutor later said that it didn’t matter, calling them a “sadistic tag team.”

Ann refused when they told her to get in the car trunk. She pleaded with them not to kill her and said her parents would pay them if they let her go. They pretended to go along with that idea and said they were going to drive her to a pay phone to call her parents. Instead, they got knives from the kitchen and stabbed her to death. They abandoned the car several blocks away.

That night, Bob and Janel Harrison pleaded on television for their daughter’s safe return. It was not until the next night, about 36 hours after Ann disappeared, that her body was found in the abandoned car. Three months after she was killed, a tipster led police to Taylor and Nunley.

Seeking to avoid death sentences, both men pleaded guilty and chose to have a judge instead of a jury decide their fate. After a judge sentenced them to death, allegations were made that the judge had been seen drinking at a downtown restaurant before the sentencing. That led to new sentencing hearings, which again ended in death sentences.

Since then, both men have mounted numerous appeals in state and federal courts. In early 2006, Taylor came within hours of being executed before the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals granted a stay. Taylor eventually lost that appeal, involving the three-drug execution method, and in 2008 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of that method.

Since then, drug shortages prompted by manufacturers opposed to their products being used to carry out death sentences have forced states to seek alternative chemicals. That has led to additional legal challenges, including one mounted by Taylor’s lawyers over how the drug currently used by Missouri is obtained and manufactured. Attorneys for the previous three executed inmates in Missouri had also raised those concerns, but the appeals were denied.

Daily Mail Online

"Silent killer who raped and murdered 15-year-old takes two deep breaths and closes his eyes as he becomes Missouri's fourth inmate to be executed in four months." (Associated Press UPDATED: 13:54 EST, 26 February 2014)

Ann Harrison, 15, was kidnapped on her way to school, raped and murdered in March 1989. Michael Taylor, 47, admitted his part in crime and was sentenced to death. He was pronounced dead at 12.10am local time after taking two deep breaths and closing his eyes for the last time. Taylor issued a legal appeal over drug to be used, saying it will cause him 'inhuman pain and suffering' Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon denied last-minute clemency request. Taylor was almost executed in 2006 before but got a last-minute reprieve Between November and January, Missouri put to death three death row inmates.

A man convicted of abducting, raping and killing a Kansas City teenager in 1989 was put to death tonight using a lethal drug after last-minute appeals Tuesday failed to stay Missouri's fourth execution in as many months. Michael Taylor, 47, of Kansas City, was executed at 12.01am Wednesday. The U.S. Supreme Court late on Tuesday denied an 11th-hour flurry of petitions filed on Taylor's behalf after the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals denied Taylor's request for a rehearing and Gov. Jay Nixon denied a clemency request. In a statement from the Missouri Department of Public Safety, spokesperson Mike O'Connell said that Taylor was executed at the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonnee Terre. He was pronounced dead at 12.10am local time. Taylor offered no final statement. He took two deep breaths before closing his eyes for the last time.

Taylor's attorneys have questioned Missouri's use of an unnamed compounding pharmacy to provide the pentobarbital for his execution. They have also raised concerns that the state executes men before appeals are complete, and claim Taylor's original trial attorney was so overworked that she encouraged him to plead guilty to lessen her own workload. After years of using a three-drug execution method, Missouri switched to pentobarbital as a single fatal drug late last year. State officials say there were no outward signs of distress in three recent executions that all relied on a single dose of pentobarbital. Last week, the Oklahoma-based Apothecary Shoppe agreed that it would not supply the pentobarbital for Taylor's execution. Attorney General Chris Koster's office announced in a court filing on Febuary 19 that a new provider had been found, but has refused to name the pharmacy, citing the state's execution protocol that allows for the manufacturer to remain anonymous.

Taylor's attorneys said use of the drug without naming the compounding pharmacy could cause the inmate pain and suffering because no one can check if the operation is legitimate and has not been accused of any violations. 'We have no idea about the track record of this pharmacy,' Taylor's attorney, John Simon, said. Pete Edlund doesn't want to hear it. Edlund, 69 and retired from the Kansas City Police Department, led the investigation into Ann Harrison's death. Taylor, 47, and Roderick Nunley were convicted of abducting, raping and killing the 15-year-old girl in Kansas City in 1989. 'Cruel and unusual punishment would be if we killed them the same way they killed Annie Harrison,' Edlund said. 'Get a damn rope, string them up, put them in the gas chamber. Whatever it takes.'

In a phone call from death row just hours before his death, Taylor told the Kansas City Star that he had written a letter to his victim's parents expressing his 'sincerest apology and heartfelt remorse.' 'I hope that they’ll accept it,' Taylor said of the letter. Taylor was nearly executed in 2006 before a late court-ordered reprieve after revelations about problems with the state's lethal injection practices at that time. On Tuesday night, the string of terse denials, issued for the high court by Justice Samuel Alito, presumably cleared the way for Taylor's execution to proceed as scheduled.

Ann Harrison was waiting for the school bus on the morning of March 22, 1989, when Nunley and Taylor, then in their early 20s, drove past in a car they had stolen after a night while binging on crack cocaine. One of the men jumped out of the car and grabbed Ann, forcing her into the vehicle. Both have claimed the other did it. The men drove to the home of Nunley's mother. Ann was forced into the basement and raped — DNA testing linked Taylor. Afraid she would be able to identify them, the men used kitchen knives to stab the girl repeatedly, even as Ann begged for her life and offered money if they would let her live. She died about 30 minutes later. Taylor and Nunley put her in the trunk of the stolen car, abandoned the car in a neighborhood then walked away. The body was found three days later. Edlund said the crime went unsolved for about six months. A $10,000 reward led to a tip, and Taylor and Nunley were both arrested. Both pleaded guilty and were sentenced to death in 1991.

After their sentences were overturned, they were again sentenced to death in 1994. Nunley is also on death row, but the state has yet to schedule his execution. Linda Taylor, Michael Taylor's mother, issued a statement with other family members stating Taylor had great remorse for his crime. The family did not want to see Taylor executed and Linda Taylor has said that life in prison should have been be sufficient punishment. Janel Harrison, mother of the victim, said the execution was needed justice for her daughter. 'There should be an ultimate penalty,' Harrison said.

Missouri could be on pace for a record number of executions in 2014. Last week, the Missouri Supreme Court set a March 26 execution date for Jeffrey Ferguson, convicted of abducting, raping and killing a 17-year-old girl in St. Charles 25 years ago. Several other inmates on death row have also exhausted all but last-minute court appeals and could soon face execution. Taylor marks Missouri's 72nd execution since 1976 and the second this year.

ProDeathPenalty.Com

Missourians to Abolish the Death Penalty

Missourians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty

State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209 (Mo. 1996). (Direct Appeal After Resentencing)

Defendant pled guilty to first-degree murder, armed criminal action, kidnapping and forcible rape, and the Circuit Court, Jackson County, H. Michael Coburn and Edith Messina, JJ., denied defendant's motion to withdraw guilty plea, resentenced him to death for the murder and denied his motion for postconviction relief. Defendant appealed. The Supreme Court, White, J., held that: (1) defendant did not suffer manifest injustice as result of fact he was sentenced by different judge than one before whom he had pled guilty; (2) defendant was not entitled to withdraw his plea on grounds of inadequate personal admonition; (3) defendant could not withdraw his plea on grounds that he was not advised that his intent to kill victim was element of first-degree murder; (4) there was sufficient evidence of defendant's deliberation and culpable intent to warrant acceptance of defendant's plea; (5) defendant was not entitled to jury on resentencing following remand; (6) recusal of resentencing and postconviction judges was not required; (7) defendant failed to establish that prosecutor had acted with racially discriminatory purpose in deciding to seek death penalty; (8) postconviction judge properly found that mitigation investigation was adequate; and (9) defense counsel's failure to make further mitigation investigation was not ineffective assistance of counsel. Affirmed. Holstein, C.J., dissented with opinion.

WHITE, Judge.

Michael Taylor pleaded guilty to first degree murder, section 565.020, RSMo 1986; armed criminal action, section 571.015, RSMo 1986; kidnapping, section 565.110, RSMo 1986; and forcible rape, section 566.030, RSMo 1986. He was sentenced to death for the murder. This Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction. Mo. Const. art. V, § 3. We affirm.

I.

According to Taylor's testimony at his guilty plea, Taylor's videotaped statement and other evidence adduced in the sentencing hearing,FN1 Taylor and a companion, Roderick Nunley, spent the night of March 21, 1989, driving a stolen Chevrolet Monte Carlo, stealing “T-tops,” smoking marijuana and drinking wine coolers. At one point during the early morning hours of March 22, they were followed by a police car, but lost the police after a high speed chase on a highway. About 7:00 a.m., they saw fifteen-year-old Ann Harrison waiting for the school bus at the end of her driveway. Nunley told Taylor, who was driving at the time, to stop so Nunley could snatch her purse. Taylor stopped the car, Nunley got out, pretended to need directions, grabbed her and put her in the front seat between Taylor and Nunley. Once in the car, Nunley blindfolded Ann with his sock and threatened to stab her with a screwdriver if she was not quiet. Taylor drove to Nunley's house and took Ann to the basement. By this time her hands were bound with cable wire. FN1. Evidence adduced in Taylor's sentencing hearing reveals a different factual version of the crime than does evidence adduced in Nunley's proceedings. See State v. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911 (Mo. banc 1996).

Nunley removed Ann's clothes and had forcible sexual intercourse with her. Taylor then had forcible intercourse with her. They untied her, and allowed her to dress. Ann tried to persuade them to call her parents for ransom, and Nunley indicated he would take her to a telephone to call home. They put the blindfold back on her and tied her hands and led her to the trunk of the Monte Carlo. Ann resisted getting into the trunk until Nunley told her it was necessary so she would not be seen. Both men helped her into the trunk. Nunley then returned to the house for two knives, a butcher knife and a smaller steak knife. Nunley argued with Taylor about whether to kill her. Nunley did not want Ann to be able to testify against him and emphasized he and Taylor were in this together. Nunley then attempted to slash her throat but the knife was too dull. He stabbed her through the throat and told Taylor to “stick her.” Nunley continued to stab, and Taylor stabbed Ann “two or three times, probably four.” He described how “her eyes rolled up in her head, and she was sort to like trying to catch her, her breath.” Nunley and Taylor argued about who would drive the Monte Carlo, and Nunley ended up driving it following Taylor who was driving another car. Taylor picked up Nunley after he abandoned the Monte Carlo with Ann Harrison in the trunk. They returned to Nunley's house where Nunley disposed of the sock, the cable wire, and the knives. When the school bus arrived at the Harrison home to pick up Ann, the driver honked because she was not there. Mrs. Harrison looked out of the window and noticed Ann's purse, gym clothes, books, and flute lying on the driveway. She waved for the bus to go on and began to look for her daughter. Police quickly mounted a ground and air search. Ann Harrison's body was discovered the evening of March 23rd when police found the abandoned Monte Carlo and a friend of the car's owner opened the trunk. The State's physical evidence included hair matching Taylor's collected from Ann Harrison's body and the passenger side of the Monte Carlo, hair matching Ann's collected from Nunley's basement, sperm and semen belonging to Taylor found on Ann's clothes and body. An autopsy revealed a lacerated vagina, six stab wounds to Ann's chest, side, and back which penetrated her heart and lungs, and four stab wounds to her neck. The medical examiner testified Ann Harrison was alive when all the wounds were inflicted and could have remained conscious for ten minutes after the stabbing. She probably lived thirty minutes after the attack.

II.

Taylor pleaded guilty to the four crimes on February 8, 1991. He testified he did not receive or expect a plea bargain and understood the State would seek the death penalty. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court found aggravating circumstances outweighed mitigating circumstances and sentenced Taylor to death for the first degree murder, with consecutive sentences of ten years for armed criminal action, fifteen years for kidnapping, and life for aggravated rape. Taylor filed a timely Rule 24.035 motion, which alleged the trial court was under the influence of alcohol during sentencing and the sentencing hearing and counsel was ineffective for failing to learn of the trial court's alcohol problem before advising Taylor to plead guilty. The trial court promptly recused. The presiding judge of the sixteenth circuit notified this Court all judges in the circuit were recused. This Court then appointed a special judge to conduct the Rule 24.035 proceeding. After an evidentiary hearing, the special judge denied the Rule 24.035 motion. Taylor appealed the sentence and denial of his Rule 24.035 motion. This Court issued a summary order in June 1993, stating, “Judgment vacated. Cause remanded for new penalty hearing, imposition of sentence, and entry of new judgment.”

The original trial court transferred the remanded case to the presiding judge for reassignment. The presiding judge assigned the case to division nine of the sixteenth circuit. This Court ordered the cause transferred to a judge from the first circuit on March 31, 1994, but rescinded the order on April 5. Before the second sentencing hearing, the court denied Taylor's Rule 29.07 motion to withdraw the guilty plea, his motion requesting a jury for sentencing, and his motion asking for disqualification of the entire sixteenth circuit. The court received evidence on sentencing in five days of hearings during May and June 1994. The court found beyond a reasonable doubt nine aggravating circumstances were not outweighed by the mitigating circumstance. Taylor was sentenced to death for the first degree murder and consecutive terms of fifty years for armed criminal action, fifteen years for kidnapping, and life for rape. Taylor filed a timely Rule 24.035 motion and amended motion. He also moved for disqualification of the judge. On the death of the judge who heard the most recent sentencing, the cause was transferred to another division of the sixteenth circuit. After a two-day hearing, the court overruled the Rule 24.035 motion.

III.

Taylor attacks denial of his Rule 29.07(d) motion to withdraw his plea of guilty on several grounds. He claims the sentencing court should have sustained his motion to withdraw the guilty plea because he did not receive the benefit of his plea bargain, the court failed to personally admonish him as required by Rule 24.02, the plea was not knowingly and voluntarily made because Taylor was not informed of the elements of first degree murder and the possibility of jury sentencing, there was insufficient factual basis to support the plea, and the plea was offered to a defective information. The State, instead of addressing the merits of these claims, argues the sentencing court was limited by the remand from this Court to determine only sentencing issues and was without authority to consider a motion to withdraw a guilty plea.

As discussed in State v. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911, 919 (Mo. banc 1996), this Court's summary order remanding the cause neither affirmed nor reversed the guilty plea, and the sentencing court could consider the Rule 29.07 motion. We review denial of a presentencing motion to withdraw a guilty plea to determine if the court's ruling is an abuse of discretion. State v. McCollum, 610 S.W.2d 81, 83 (Mo.App.1980). The accused is not entitled to withdraw a guilty plea as a matter of right; such relief is reserved for extraordinary circumstances, such as a showing of fraud, mistake, misapprehension, fear, persuasion, or the holding out of false hopes. Id.

A. Benefit of the Plea Bargain

Taylor argues he was denied the benefit of his plea bargain when he was sentenced by a different judge than the one before whom he originally agreed to plead guilty. He expected to be sentenced by the original judge, sober and in full possession of his faculties. Although it is preferable if the judge to whom a plea is made sentences the defendant, sentencing by a different judge if the original judge proves unavailable for sentencing does not create manifest injustice.FN2 Nunley, 923 S.W.2d at 921–22. The determining factor is whether the sentencing judge has the familiarity with the prior proceedings to make an informed ruling on sentencing. Id. The record reveals the sentencing court after remand from this Court conducted five days of hearings, took judicial notice of all prior proceedings, and made an informed decision. FN2. The issue in Nunley was decided on plain error review because the issue had not been raised until after his Rule 29.07 motion. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d at 920. The standard of review in the present case is abuse of discretion because Taylor raised the issue in his Rule 29.07 motion.

Taylor argues the consideration for his open guilty plea was not only having the original judge sentence him, but the judge would be unimpaired at sentencing. As previously discussed, Taylor was not entitled, as a matter of right, to be sentenced by the judge before whom he entered his plea. The Rule 29.07 motion was filed before sentencing on remand. Because he had not yet been sentenced, there was no impaired sentencer issue remaining. See Nunley, 923 S.W.2d at 919 (“By remanding for a new penalty hearing and imposition of sentence, certain allegations regarding the original trial judge were rendered moot.”). In the present case, Taylor makes no allegations regarding the competence of the remand sentencing judge. Denial of Taylor's motion to withdraw his guilty plea for failure of consideration was not an abuse of discretion.

B. Personal Admonition by the Court

Taylor charges the court with error for failure to allow him to withdraw his guilty plea because the court did not personally inform him of the matters required in Rule 24.02 when his guilty plea was accepted. Rule 24.02(b) provides: “[T]he court must address the defendant personally in open court, and inform him of, and determine that he understands,” the specific information enumerated in the rule. A similar requirement in Rule 24.02(c) assures the court the plea is voluntary. The plea hearing transcript reveals the court swore Taylor in, then allowed defense and prosecuting attorneys to question defendant concerning the factual basis for the plea, the voluntary nature of the plea, and his understanding of all the rights waived by the guilty plea. Taylor specifically testified he understood, was informed of, and waived his rights. He answered more than three hundred questions encompassing all of the required advice in Rule 24.02 in detail. The court asked only a few questions, but did interrupt to correct or elaborate as needed. The court was an active participant.

Taylor contends the court's failure to use its own voice to admonish the defendant justifies withdrawal of the plea. He looks for support to Dean v. State, 901 S.W.2d 323 (Mo.App.1995). In Dean, the court held asking defendant to read a document and relying on defendant's attorney to ascertain he understood the document did not fulfill the requirements of the Rule 24.02 admonition. Id. at 327. In the present case, the court was more actively involved. The court saw to it the defendant was informed of all the advice required by Rule 24.02 and more. By hearing the extensive questioning, correcting misstatements, and asking a few questions, the court made a personal determination as to defendant's understanding of the waiver and the voluntariness of the plea. Although not all of the required admonition came directly from the court's lips, the court did address the defendant personally in open court, cause him to be informed of the consequences of his plea, and determine the defendant understood the consequences and voluntarily entered the plea. “Among the purposes of Rule 24.02 is the intention that the court be convinced that the defendant understands the specific charges and the maximum penalty confronting him and that the defendant recognizes that by pleading guilty, he waives a number of legal rights.” Steinle v. State, 861 S.W.2d 141, 143 (Mo.App.1993). The plea hearing record indicates the procedure used by the court accomplished this purpose. In Dean, after the appellate court determined a violation of Rule 24.02 had occurred, the cause was remanded for a hearing to determine whether the plea was intelligently and voluntarily made. Dean, 901 S.W.2d at 328. The plea would be vacated only on such a showing. Id. In the present case, the record provides ample evidence Taylor's plea was knowing and voluntary. See Beaver v. State, 702 S.W.2d 149, 150–51 (Mo.App.1985) (during plea hearing, attorney rather than judge informed defendant of potential penalties held sufficient under Rule 24.02 because record reflected plea made voluntarily and intelligently).

C. Improper Advice

Taylor claims his plea was not knowing and voluntary because he was not properly advised as to the elements of first degree murder and he was not informed of the possibility of jury sentencing. It is reversible error to accept a guilty plea not knowingly and voluntarily made. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 244, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712–13, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). Taylor argues his plea was not knowingly made because he was not advised he had to have the intent to kill Ann Harrison to be guilty of first degree murder. He points to the plea record where his counsel asked him, “Do you understand that to be guilty of first degree murder that you had to either have killed the victim in this case premeditatedly and deliberately or that you had to, in other words, in concert, have helped or assisted Mr. Nunley during that; do you understand that?” If this was the only evidence of the charge in the record, Taylor could argue he pleaded guilty subject to a misunderstanding of the elements of first degree murder. However, later in the plea hearing, Taylor admitted he reflected before killing the victim. Taylor's recitation of the factual basis of the plea indicated he stabbed Ann Harrison knowing their actions would kill her.

“When an accused admits in open court facts which constitute the offense for which he is charged, he cannot thereafter withdraw his plea on the assertion that he did not understand the nature of the charge to which he plead guilty.” Wedlow v. State, 841 S.W.2d 214, 216 (Mo.App.1992) (citing Western v. State, 760 S.W.2d 174, 176 (Mo.App.1988)). The record, taken as a whole, supports the court's determination the plea was made knowingly and voluntarily. “[A] trial court is not required to explain every element of a crime to which a person pleads guilty” so long as the defendant understands the nature of the charge. Beaver, 702 S.W.2d at 150. The record supports such an understanding. Taylor also argues the plea was not knowingly made because he was not informed a jury could sentence him if the State consented under section 565.006.2, RSMo 1986: No defendant who pleads guilty to a homicide offense or who is found guilty of a homicide offense after trial to a court without a jury shall be permitted a trial by jury on the issue of the punishment to be imposed, except by agreement of the state. As is obvious from the language of the statute, jury sentencing after a guilty plea is not a right for the defendant to waive, rather a privilege for the State to grant. Taylor did not waive sentencing by a jury because he could only obtain jury sentencing if the State agreed to it. The State did not agree; therefore, there was nothing of which to inform him. A knowing and voluntary plea does not require defendant be told details irrelevant to the decision at hand. See Wedlow, 841 S.W.2d at 217; Huffman v. State, 703 S.W.2d 566, 569 (Mo.App.1986). Failure to inform Taylor of the possibility of sentencing by a jury did not render his guilty plea unknowing or involuntary.

D. Insufficient Factual Basis for the Plea

Taylor asserts his equivocal testimony about culpable mental state and deliberation fails to reveal a factual basis to support his guilty plea. “The court shall not enter a judgment upon a plea of guilty unless it determines that there is a factual basis for the plea.” Rule 24.02(e). The factual basis does not have to be established from defendant's words alone as long as the basis exists. Smith v. State, 663 S.W.2d 248, 249 (Mo.App.1983). The plea hearing record indicates initially Taylor did not want to kill Ann Harrison and argued for her release. He and Nunley argued, and Taylor did succumb to Nunley's urging, deliberated, and stabbed Ann Harrison repeatedly. From his description of the types of wounds inflicted, he had to know their conduct would result in her death. He testified he was reluctant to participate at first, “because I never killed nobody in my life, and I ain't never watched nobody get killed.” He was under no illusions the conduct was for any purpose other than murder. According to Taylor's version of the crime, he deliberated longer than Nunley did. Defense counsel mistakenly suggested Taylor could be guilty of first degree murder if he helped Nunley kill the victim. The State's attorney asked Taylor if he reflected “before killing her, before stabbing her.” Both of these questions alone are insufficient to establish the combination of culpable mental state and deliberation required for first degree murder. However, Taylor's testimony as a whole established the culpable intent with deliberation required to support first degree murder.

E. Defective Information

Taylor argues the information charging him with first degree murder citing the statutes imposing primary liability was defective because the evidence offered at the plea supported only accessory liability, but failed to cite accessory liability statutes. The information charges, “Taylor, either acting alone or purposely in concert with another, after deliberation, knowingly caused the death of Ann M. Harrison by stabbing her.” Taylor asserts this failed to inform him of the actions which subjected him to criminal liability. Rule 23.01.(b)4 requires an information to cite the section of the statute alleged to have been violated and the section fixing the penalty. Rule 23.11 requires prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant before an information shall be considered invalid. Citing the incorrect statute in the information does not necessarily render the information insufficient. State v. LaPlant, 673 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Mo. banc 1984). The primary purpose of an information is to give defendant sufficient notice of the charge to allow adequate preparation of a defense and avoid retrial on the same charges in case of acquittal. State v. Hill, 808 S.W.2d 882, 888 (Mo.App.1991). Moreover, an information may charge a defendant either as a principal or as an accessory with the same legal effect. Id. As previously discussed, the plea hearing produced sufficient evidence to support a guilty plea to first degree murder. Assuming arguendo he was convicted as an accessory, not a principal, there was no prejudice to his substantial rights. See id. The charge did not deprive Taylor of the opportunity to assert any defense. It was not an abuse of discretion to overrule Taylor's motion to withdraw the guilty plea.

IV.

Taylor argues his death sentence should be vacated, or in the alternative, he should be permitted to withdraw his guilty plea because he was denied a jury on resentencing. Taylor relies on section 565.035.5 which provides: In addition to its authority regarding correction of errors, the supreme court, with regard to review of death sentences, shall be authorized to: (1) Affirm the sentence of death; or (2) Set the sentence aside and resentence the defendant to life imprisonment without eligibility for probation, parole, or release except by act of the governor; or (3) Set the sentence aside and remand the case for retrial of the punishment hearing. A new jury shall be selected or a jury may be waived by agreement of both parties and then the punishment trial shall proceed in accordance with this chapter, with the exception that the evidence of the guilty verdict shall be admissible in the new trial together with the official transcript of any testimony and evidence properly admitted in each stage of the original trial where relevant to determine punishment. Section 565.035.5, RSMo 1994.

Initially, we must note the right to a jury on the issue of punishment in a first degree murder case is created by statute. State v. Hunter, 840 S.W.2d 850, 863 (Mo. banc 1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 926, 113 S.Ct. 3047, 125 L.Ed.2d 732 (1993) (citing Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 460, 104 S.Ct. 3154, 3162, 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984)). “A defendant has no constitutional right to have a jury assess punishment.” Id. Furthermore, a defendant who pleads guilty is not permitted to have a jury trial on the issue of punishment without the State's agreement. Section 565.006.2, RSMo 1994. Here, the State has not agreed to allow Taylor a jury trial on the issue of punishment. As such, Taylor's reliance on section 565.035.5(3) is misplaced. Section 565.035.5 provides the safeguard procedure for this Court to follow for independent review of all death sentences. Section 565.035.5(3) does not provide a defendant a right to a jury trial on the imposition of sentence where such a right did not exist prior to remand. However, where a defendant previously had a right to have a jury impose sentence, section 565.035.5(3) does allow “a new jury” to be selected for purposes of imposing sentence. Under the circumstances of this case, where defendant pleaded guilty without recommendation, this Court issued a summary order remanding the cause, this Court refrained from engaging in a proportionality review of the sentence of death, and the State does not agree to a jury trial on the imposition of sentence, we find section 565.035.5(3) does not entitle Taylor to “a new jury” for imposition of punishment because he never obtained nor possessed the right to a jury for imposition of punishment prior to this Court's remand order. Taylor's point is denied.

V.

Defendant raises several arguments regarding the “jurisdiction” of the two trial judges who presided after this Court's summary order. Defendant first argues the judge who resentenced him lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. Defendant relies on the original trial judge's recusal and the subsequent order by the presiding judge of the sixteenth circuit which recused all sixteenth circuit judges. When the alcohol allegation arose, the original trial judge recused and transferred the case to the presiding judge of the sixteenth circuit. After defendant's first appeal, this Court issued a summary order remanding the case to the sixteenth circuit. Thereafter, the case was apparently sent to the original trial judge's division. The original trial judge then entered an order transferring the case to the presiding judge for reassignment. Defendant contends after this Court's remand the original trial judge lacked jurisdiction to transfer the case to the presiding judge for reassignment. Therefore, according to defendant, the presiding judge's subsequent assignment of the case to the judge who resentenced him was void. Defendant asserts he was prejudiced and his due process rights were violated by this “violation of the rules” for assigning judges.

A disqualified judge lacks jurisdiction to rule on any matters which did not precede a proper objection seeking disqualification. State ex rel. Raack v. Kohn, 720 S.W.2d 941, 944 (Mo. banc 1986). But after disqualification, a judge does have the power to transfer the case to another judge. State v. Van Horn, 625 S.W.2d 874, 878 (Mo.1981). The original trial judge's action was consistent with Rule 32.10, which provides a disqualified judge shall transfer the case to the presiding judge. The original trial judge properly transferred the case to the presiding judge. Moreover, defendant fails to demonstrate a violation of his due process rights or prejudicial error. The order transferring the case to the presiding judge did not impact defendant's rights because the original trial judge had previously recused from both the criminal and post-conviction proceedings.

The two cases primarily relied on by defendant are distinguishable. Those cases involve a trial court's reversal of a previous grant of summary judgment and an order that set aside a default judgment and granted a new trial, with both orders being entered after the judge had been disqualified. State ex rel. Johnson v. Mehan, 731 S.W.2d 887, 888 (Mo.App.1987); Byrd v. Brown, 613 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Mo.App.1981). Defendant's contention regarding the original judge's recusal and order transferring the case to the presiding judge is denied. Defendant's reliance on the order by the presiding judge of the sixteenth circuit is also misplaced. In Nunley, this Court held the presiding judge did not have the authority to issue an order recusing all sixteenth circuit judges. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d at 917–18. As in Nunley, defendant in the present case cannot rely on an order that the presiding judge did not have the authority to issue. Accordingly, defendant's argument fails. Defendant next argues the resentencing judge erred in denying his motion to recuse and the denial violated his rights to due process. Defendant contends an inherent conflict of interest existed, which cast doubt on the judge's impartiality.

The United States and Missouri Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant an impartial tribunal. Marshall v. Jerrico, Inc., 446 U.S. 238, 242, 100 S.Ct. 1610, 1613, 64 L.Ed.2d 182 (1980); State v. Wise, 879 S.W.2d 494, 523 (Mo. banc 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1093, 115 S.Ct. 757, 130 L.Ed.2d 656 (1995). “Due process concerns permit any litigant to remove a biased judge.” Thomas v. State, 808 S.W.2d 364, 367 (Mo. banc 1991). Rule 2, Canon 3(D)(1) of the Code of Judicial Conduct requires a judge to recuse in a proceeding where the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned. The test under the canon is whether a reasonable person would have a factual basis to doubt the judge's impartiality. State ex rel. Wesolich v. Goeke, 794 S.W.2d 692, 698 (Mo.App.1990).

Defendant asserts if the resentencing judge imposed a different sentence than the original trial judge then this would support the allegation the original judge was under the influence of alcohol during sentencing. Defendant also claims if the resentencing judge imposed the death penalty this would appear to be giving the original judge a vote of confidence. According to defendant, this demonstrates an inherent conflict of interest existed for the resentencing judge or for any other sixteenth circuit judge. This Court rejected a similar argument in Nunley. In that case, defendant, Nunley, argued it was unrealistic to ask the resentencing judge from the sixteenth circuit to set aside his feelings for the original trial judge and to come to an “independent determination” regarding his sentencing. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d at 918. Nunley asserted the resentencing judge could not be impartial because he and the original trial judge were from the same circuit. Id. This Court noted Nunley did not contend and nothing in the record reflected any special relationship between the resentencing judge and the original trial judge. Id. This Court held an allegation the original trial judge had been drinking was insufficient, by itself, to compel recusal of the resentencing judge. Id. As in Nunley, defendant does not suggest and the record does not reflect any special relationship between the resentencing judge and the original trial judge. The analysis in Nunley applies in this case. In many instances, judges reconsider rulings by other judges. The fact an alcohol allegation necessitated the original trial judge's recusal does not compel recusal for all other judges within the sixteenth circuit. Id. Defendant's allegation of a conflict of interest for any sixteenth circuit judge resentencing defendant is too attenuated to require recusal.

Defendant also asserts strong public opinion about the case required recusal. Defendant relies on a letter from a person asking the resentencing judge to impose the death penalty. The judge also received a letter from another person thanking the judge for imposing the death penalty. It is not unusual for a judge to receive letters from the public or for there to be publicity for crimes such as in this case. State v. Schneider, 736 S.W.2d 392, 403–04 (Mo. banc 1987) (discussing denial of motion for change of venue), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1047, 108 S.Ct. 786, 98 L.Ed.2d 871 (1988); State v. Woollen, 643 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Mo.App.1982). Under the facts presented here, this is simply an insufficient basis for recusal. The resentencing judge did not err in denying defendant's motion to recuse. Defendant also argues the judge hearing his Rule 24.035 motion erred in denying his motion to recuse. In the alternative, defendant argues the post-conviction judge erred by not having a different judge hear the recusal motion.

Defendant filed a motion to disqualify the resentencing judge from hearing the Rule 24.035 motion. The resentencing judge did not rule on this motion prior to his death. Defendant subsequently filed supplemental suggestions for the motion to disqualify. Defendant contends on appeal the factors requiring the post-conviction judge to recuse are identical to those requiring the resentencing judge and all sixteenth circuit judges to recuse. As previously discussed, the resentencing judge was not required to recuse. The reasoning for the resentencing judge applies for the post-conviction judge. Accordingly, the post-conviction judge did not err in denying defendant's motion to recuse. In addition, because the motion to disqualify was substantively insufficient, the judge did not err by not having a different judge hear the recusal motion. See State ex rel. Wesolich, 794 S.W.2d at 699. Defendant's points regarding jurisdiction of the two judges are denied.

VI.
A. Decision to Seek Death Penalty

Taylor urges his sentence be vacated because the decision to seek the death penalty was the product of racial discrimination by the prosecutor's office in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. He raised this issue in his Rule 29.07 motion and in his Rule 24.035 motion. In support, he points to statistical evidence concerning Jackson County cases charging first degree murder in the three years before Taylor's sentencing, allegations an assistant prosecutor involved in his original plea was biased, allegations of discrimination by Jackson County prosecutors in jury selection, allegations of racial slurs and employment discrimination in the prosecutor's office, the State's unusual refusal to offer life without parole in exchange for a guilty plea, and a study of racial disparity in Missouri capital punishment cases covering 1977 to 1991.

A prosecutor's broad discretion does not extend to decisions deliberately based on unjustifiable standards such as race or some other entirely arbitrary factor. Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608, 105 S.Ct. 1524, 1531, 84 L.Ed.2d 547 (1985). To show an equal protection violation, Taylor must prove both the prosecutor's decision had a discriminatory effect on him and it was motivated by discriminatory purpose. Id. “Because discretion is essential to the criminal justice process, we would demand exceptionally clear proof before we would infer that the discretion has been abused.” McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 297, 107 S.Ct. 1756, 1770, 95 L.Ed.2d 262 (1987).

Only one of Taylor's allegations pertains to decisions made in his case. The Jackson County and Missouri studies, assuming arguendo they are valid and reliable, apply to discriminatory effect of decisions, but do not show purposeful discrimination or any effect on his case, specifically. “To prevail under the Equal Protection Clause, [defendant] must prove that the decisionmakers in his case acted with discriminatory purpose.” Id. at 292, 107 S.Ct. at 1767 (emphasis in original). The other allegations of discrimination within the prosecutor's office were irrelevant because they did not involve decision makers, were remote in time, and did not show discriminatory purpose in his case. The allegation of discrimination specific to this case is the prosecutor's refusal to exchange a recommendation of life without parole for Taylor's guilty plea to first degree murder. Taylor charges the race of defendant and victim must be the reason for the prosecutor's decision. More likely, the unique circumstances of Ann Harrison's murder and the strength of the State's case motivated the prosecutor's decision. “Where the discretion that is fundamental to our criminal process is involved, we decline to assume that what is unexplained is invidious.” Id. at 313, 107 S.Ct. at 1778. Taylor failed to produce exceptionally clear proof of an equal protection violation in the prosecutor's decision to seek the death penalty.

B. Sentencing Scheme

Defendant argues the statutory scheme for the death penalty under section 565.032 violates his right to due process. Defendant contends the sentencer has discretion to impose the death penalty in any first degree murder case because one of the statutory aggravating circumstances provided in section 565.032 “can apply in any case of first degree murder.” An aggravating circumstance “may not apply to every defendant convicted of a murder; it must apply only to a subclass of defendants convicted of murder.” Tuilaepa v. California, 512 U.S. 967, ––––, 114 S.Ct. 2630, 2635, 129 L.Ed.2d 750 (1994). “If the sentencer fairly could conclude that an aggravating circumstance applies to every defendant eligible for the death penalty, the circumstance is constitutionally infirm.” Arave v. Creech, 507 U.S. 463, 474, 113 S.Ct. 1534, 1542, 123 L.Ed.2d 188 (1993). Defendant does not challenge a specific aggravating circumstance under section 565.032 but rather suggests one of the seventeen statutory aggravating circumstances can be found in every first degree murder case. Review of the statutory aggravating circumstances and the elements for first degree murder under section 565.020 simply does not reveal one of the statutory aggravating circumstances could be found in each case of first degree murder. Defendant's claim is denied.

C. Independent Review

Pursuant to section 565.035.5, RSMo 1994, this Court must determine: (1) whether the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; (2) whether the statutory aggravating circumstances and any other circumstances found by the trial court were supported by the evidence; and (3) whether the sentence is excessive or disproportionate to similar cases. There is no evidence defendant's sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor. The trial court found the following statutory aggravating circumstances: the murder was outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible, and inhuman; the murder was committed by a person who escaped from a place of lawful confinement; the murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the perpetration of kidnapping, rape, and attempted armed robbery; and the victim was killed as a result of her status as a witness.FN3 Section 565.032.2(7)(9)(11)(12), RSMo 1986. The trial court also found defendant had seven prior felony convictions, defendant escaped from the custody of the Jackson County Department of Corrections and after being apprehended threatened a corrections officer, and defendant inflicted “inconceivable physical torture and emotional suffering” upon the victim. The evidence supported the trial court's findings on all of the aggravating circumstances. FN3. Prior to the crimes being committed, defendant had failed to return to a halfway house while on conditional release. A halfway house is considered a place of confinement for purposes of section 565.035.2(9). State v. Walls, 744 S.W.2d 791, 799 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 871, 109 S.Ct. 181, 102 L.Ed.2d 150 (1988).

This Court has compared similar cases where the murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman. State v. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911; State v. Richardson, 923 S.W.2d 301, (Mo. banc 1996); State v. Powell, 798 S.W.2d 709 (Mo. banc 1990); cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259, 111 S.Ct. 2914, 115 L.Ed.2d 1077 (1991), State v. Oxford, 791 S.W.2d 396 (Mo. banc 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1055, 111 S.Ct. 769, 112 L.Ed.2d 789 (1991); State v. McMillin, 783 S.W.2d 82 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 881, 111 S.Ct. 225, 112 L.Ed.2d 179 (1990); State v. Kilgore, 771 S.W.2d 57 (Mo. banc 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 874, 110 S.Ct. 211, 107 L.Ed.2d 164 (1989); State v. Lingar, 726 S.W.2d 728 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 872, 108 S.Ct. 206, 98 L.Ed.2d 157 (1987); State v. Mercer, 618 S.W.2d 1 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 933, 102 S.Ct. 432, 70 L.Ed.2d 240 (1981). In other cases, the death penalty was imposed where the defendant committed murder in conjunction with other crimes involving force. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911; State v. Brown, 902 S.W.2d 278 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1031, 116 S.Ct. 679, 133 L.Ed.2d 527 (1995); State v. Gray, 887 S.W.2d 369 (Mo. banc 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1042, 115 S.Ct. 1414, 131 L.Ed.2d 299 (1995); State v. Ramsey, 864 S.W.2d 320 (Mo. banc 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1078, 114 S.Ct. 1664, 128 L.Ed.2d 380 (1994); State v. Six, 805 S.W.2d 159 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 871, 112 S.Ct. 206, 116 L.Ed.2d 165 (1991); State v. Petary, 781 S.W.2d 534 (Mo. banc 1989), vacated and remanded, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S.Ct. 1800, 108 L.Ed.2d 931, reaffirmed, 790 S.W.2d 243 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 973, 111 S.Ct. 443, 112 L.Ed.2d 426 (1990); State v. Griffin, 756 S.W.2d 475 (Mo. banc 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1113, 109 S.Ct. 3175, 104 L.Ed.2d 1036 (1989). This Court has also compared similar cases where the victims were killed because of their potential status as witnesses. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911; State v. Parker, 886 S.W.2d 908 (Mo. banc 1994); cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1098, 115 S.Ct. 1827, 131 L.Ed.2d 748 (1995); State v. Shurn, 866 S.W.2d 447 (Mo. banc 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 837, 115 S.Ct. 118, 130 L.Ed.2d 64 (1994); State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047, 112 S.Ct. 911, 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992); Six, 805 S.W.2d 159. Considering the crime, the evidence, and defendant, the penalty imposed is not excessive or disproportionate to the penalties imposed in similar cases. Defendant cites several cases where the death penalty was not imposed and claims these cases are factually similar to the present case. The cases relied on by defendant and others have been examined. None have the aggravating circumstances and the absence of significant mitigating circumstances that are presented in this case. Defendant's claim is denied.

D. Proportionality Review Scheme

Defendant argues this Court's proportionality review under section 565.035.3(3) violates his due process rights. Defendant contends the statute and this Court's cases provide inadequate guidance to a defendant who wants to argue imposition of the death penalty is disproportionate. Defendant suggests this Court should adopt a type of statistical analysis when conducting proportionality review. Proportionality review is not constitutionally required but rather is required by section 565.035. State v. Weaver, 912 S.W.2d 499, 522 (Mo. banc 1995). We have previously rejected defendant's argument the method used by this Court to conduct proportionality review violates a defendant's due process rights. Id.; State v. Whitfield, 837 S.W.2d 503, 514–15 (Mo. banc 1992). This Court has also previously rejected defendant's suggested adoption of a type of statistical analysis for proportionality review. Id.; State v. Ramsey, 864 S.W.2d 320, 327–28 (Mo. banc 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1078, 114 S.Ct. 1664, 128 L.Ed.2d 380 (1994). Defendant's claim fails.

VII.

Adequate mitigation investigation is the linchpin of Taylor's final three points relied on. Taylor argues the post-conviction relief court's finding that mitigation investigation was adequate is clearly erroneous. Alternatively, he argues those findings are insufficient. Because the investigation was inadequate, Taylor's reasoning goes, counsel for the first and second sentencing hearings provided ineffective assistance of counsel and the court clearly erred finding otherwise. Again, because of inadequate investigation, Taylor argues the court abused its discretion denying his motion for continuance to pursue further investigation. Taylor argues the trial court's findings are insufficient. We disagree. Taylor alleges the trial court failed to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law on all issues presented, as required by Rule 24.035(i). Taylor claims “it is impossible to tell whether: 1) Judge Messina disbelieved all of the new evidence about appellant's family history and mental state, and therefore thought that their testimony would not have made a difference; 2) Judge Messina did not believe that the new evidence could have been developed by earlier investigation; or 3) Judge Messina believed the witnesses, but did not believe Judge Coburn would have imposed a life sentence even if he had all of the new evidence.”

“There is no precise formula to which findings of fact and conclusions of law must conform.” Conway v. State, 883 S.W.2d 517, 517 (Mo.App.1994) (citing Short v. State, 771 S.W.2d 859, 865 (Mo.App.1989)). “Generalized findings are sufficient if they enable the appellate court to meaningfully review the movant's contentions.” Id. In over thirty-six pages of findings and conclusions the trial court sufficiently addressed Taylor's concerns and claims. Taylor presented thirteen witnesses, and the trial judge summarized and evaluated the testimony of each witness individually. We find the trial court's findings of fact to be extensive, specific and sufficient to allow proper appellate review. Taylor presented evidence to the post-conviction relief court that several of his attorneys believed their mitigation investigation was inadequate. A mitigation expert testified of the need for more investigation. On cross-examination, the expert admitted he had not read the entire transcript and record and did not know what evidence had been before the sentencing court. A mitigation investigator testified she had not yet contacted all of the potential witnesses she wished to interview. A medical expert testified a mental health issue required further development. The post-conviction relief court heard from two witnesses who had not previously testified about Taylor's childhood. Taylor argues childhood trauma and possible mental disorder were undeveloped issues affecting mitigation.

The court found, The general picture that emerges from the post conviction hearing testimony of these thirteen witnesses is basically the same picture that the Court had before it at the second penalty hearing. The witnesses who have stated that more investigation was needed either for the second penalty hearing or for the post conviction hearing, have been unable to establish through credible and specific testimony what benefit there would have been to Movant had such time been granted.... The [second penalty hearing] record is replete with mitigation evidence adduced by Movant's counsel. Counsel presented twelve witnesses, and numerous exhibits. Any additional witnesses regarding mitigation evidence would have been cumulative, and Movant has failed to show how he was prejudiced by the alleged failure of counsel to contact additional witnesses.... Movant presented numerous witnesses and exhibits in support of his defense of mental illness and accompanying personality disorders at his sentencing hearing. Further, no credible evidence was presented at the post conviction hearing supporting Movant's position in this regard. Movant has had the benefit of several mental examinations, and the results of those examinations were before Judge Coburn.

We review denial of post-conviction motions to determine whether the court's findings and conclusions are clearly erroneous, in other words, after a review of the whole record, are we left with the definite and firm impression a mistake has been made? Moore v. State, 827 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Mo. banc 1992). The court did not find the evidence supporting a need for further investigation to be credible. We respect the motion court's superior ability to determine matters of witness credibility. State v. Harris, 870 S.W.2d 798, 814 (Mo. banc), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 953, 115 S.Ct. 371, 130 L.Ed.2d 323 (1994). The court determined further mitigation witnesses would have produced merely cumulative evidence. Upon examination of the record, we do not find these conclusions clearly erroneous.

Taylor claims he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his attorneys failed to further investigate mitigating evidence. Ineffective assistance of counsel exists when counsel fails to use the “customary skill and diligence that a reasonably competent attorney would exercise under similar circumstances, and the failure to exercise such diligence is prejudicial.” Id. (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)). We presume counsel to be competent, requiring proof to the contrary by a preponderance of the evidence. Sanders v. State, 738 S.W.2d 856, 857 (Mo. banc 1987). Movant must satisfy both the performance and the prejudice prong to prevail. Id. If he fails to show prejudice, the court need not evaluate performance. Id. Taylor asserts, “[h]aving found that appellant suffered prejudice from the failure to present mitigating evidence, this court must also find that the failure to investigate mitigating evidence was ineffective assistance of counsel.” Far from finding appellant suffered prejudice, we found the motion court did not clearly err deciding further investigation would produce merely cumulative evidence and testimony purporting to show the need for more investigation was not credible. The two witnesses who testified for the first time at the post-conviction relief hearing presented evidence of Taylor's childhood from their perspectives, but did not bring forth any significant fact or incident that had not been before the second sentencing court from other witnesses. The mental health expert refused to make a firm diagnosis, but suggested traumatic stress disorder or dissociative disorder possibilities could exist. Previous examinations by psychologists and psychiatrists had resulted in findings of mental competence and failed to indicate these newly suggested disorders. Counsel cannot be faulted for failing to shop for a psychiatrist who would testify more favorably. State v. Mease, 842 S.W.2d 98, 114 (Mo. banc 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 918, 113 S.Ct. 2363, 124 L.Ed.2d 269 (1993). Taylor failed to establish but for counsel's investigation of mitigation there is a reasonable probability he would not have been sentenced to death. The motion court was not clearly erroneous to find Taylor did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel.

In his final point, defendant argues the post conviction court erred by denying his motion for a continuance. The decision to grant or deny a continuance is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Chambers, 891 S.W.2d 93, 100 (Mo. banc 1994); State v. Ervin, 835 S.W.2d 905, 929 (Mo. banc 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 954, 113 S.Ct. 1368, 122 L.Ed.2d 746 (1993). After defendant filed his pro se Rule 24.035 motion, counsel was appointed on October 27, 1994. Defendant filed an amended 24.035 motion and an evidentiary hearing was scheduled for March 21, 1995. Defendant filed a motion for continuance. The court granted the motion and scheduled the evidentiary hearing for April 24, 1995. Prior to this date, defendant filed a second motion for continuance. The court also granted this motion and scheduled the evidentiary hearing for May 18, 1995. After completing his presentation of evidence on May 19, 1995, defendant argued testimony from a mitigation expert and psychologist indicated additional time was needed for investigation and interviewing witnesses. Defendant asserted the information was relevant to his claim of counsel's inadequate investigation for the penalty phase. The court treated defendant's argument as a motion for continuance and denied the motion.

The post conviction court granted defendant almost two additional months from the original scheduled hearing date. Counsel had represented defendant for more than six months prior to the hearing. See State v. Wise, 879 S.W.2d 494, 523 (Mo. banc 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1093, 115 S.Ct. 757, 130 L.Ed.2d 656 (1995). In addition, the post conviction court addressed the testimony of defendant's psychologist and mitigation expert in its findings and conclusions for defendant's Rule 24.035 motion. The court found the witnesses who stated additional time was needed failed to establish through “credible and specific testimony” how the defendant would have benefitted from the additional time. The court also found any additional witnesses testifying as to mitigation would have been cumulative and defendant failed to demonstrate prejudice by the alleged failure of counsel to contact additional witnesses. On this record, the court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant a third continuance.

VIII.

The judgments are affirmed.

State ex rel. Taylor v. Steele, 341 S.W.3d 634 (Mo. 2011). (PCR)

Background: Defendant pled guilty to first-degree murder, armed criminal action, kidnapping, and forcible rape, and the Circuit Court, Jackson County, H. Michael Coburn and Edith Messina, JJ., denied defendant's motion to withdraw guilty plea, resentenced him to death for the murder, and denied his motion for postconviction relief. Defendant appealed. The Supreme Court, 929 S.W.2d 209, affirmed. Defendant filed petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Supreme Court.

Holdings: The Supreme Court, Mary R. Russell, J., held that: (1) defendant, in pleading guilty, waived his right to jury sentencing; (2) defendant's waiver of his right to jury sentencing when he pled guilty remained valid even though it preceded case law outlining a Sixth Amendment right to jury sentencing; and (3) Ring v. Arizona, holding that defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to have a jury find the statutory aggravating circumstances necessary for the imposition of the death penalty, did not apply retroactively to allow jury sentencing for defendant. Petition denied

MARY R. RUSSELL, Judge.

Michael Anthony Taylor pleaded guilty to the 1989 kidnapping, rape, and murder of a young girl. He twice was sentenced to death for the murder. FN1 After multiple unsuccessful attempts to have his sentence overturned, he now seeks a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that his death sentence should be vacated. He contends that his death sentence was imposed unlawfully by a judge, rather than by a jury, and he asserts that his sentence violates his constitutional rights.

FN1. In addition to the tortuous procedural history of this case detailed in this opinion, further details of Taylor's involvement in the gruesome killing can be found in this Court's previous opinion in Taylor's direct appeal and Rule 24.035 post-conviction appeal, State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209 (Mo. banc 1996). This Court finds that habeas relief is not warranted and refuses to vacate Taylor's death sentence.FN2 FN2. Habeas corpus is an original remedial writ, and this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 4.

I. Background

Ann Harrison was 15 years old when she died of stab wounds in the trunk of a car in 1989. In 1991, Taylor admitted under oath to kidnapping Ann from her bus stop, raping her, and stabbing her repeatedly with a kitchen knife. FN3 He pleaded guilty to first-degree murder, armed criminal action, kidnapping, and forcible rape. During plea proceedings, he testified that he did not receive or expect a plea bargain and understood that the State would seek the death penalty against him for Ann's murder. FN3. Taylor's accomplice in Ann's death is the subject of the opinion released concurrent to this opinion, State v. Nunley, 341 S.W.3d 611 (Mo. banc 2011).

Taylor sought to be sentenced by the trial judge, rather than by a jury, because he believed that the trial judge was less likely to sentence him to death. But the judge, Judge Randall, sentenced Taylor to death after finding that the statutory factors necessary for that sentence had been established. Taylor challenged his sentence in a Rule 24.035 post-conviction motion alleging that the judge was under the influence of alcohol during the sentencing proceedings. A special judge, Judge Dierker, was assigned to decide Taylor's post-conviction motion. Judge Dierker denied Taylor post-conviction relief after a hearing, issuing lengthy findings in 1992 that discussed the propriety of Taylor's plea and sentences. Taylor appealed to this Court. In a summary order in 1993, this Court vacated his sentences and remanded his case for a “new penalty hearing, imposition of sentence, and entry of judgment.” State v. Taylor, SC74220, Order (June 29, 1993); see also State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209, 215 (Mo. banc 1996) ( Taylor I ) (explaining the procedural history of Taylor's case).

On remand, Taylor's case was assigned to a new judge, Judge Coburn. Taylor filed a Rule 29.07(d) motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Taylor I, 929 S.W.2d at 215. Included in his arguments was that he had consented only to be sentenced by Judge Randall, not the new judge. Id. at 215–16. He was not permitted to withdraw his guilty plea, nor was he given permission to be sentenced by a jury rather than the new judge. Id. at 215. His 1991 plea and jury waiver remained in full force on remand. See id. at 215–16 (“Although it is preferable if the judge to whom a plea is made sentences the defendant, sentencing by a different judge if the original judge proves unavailable for sentencing does not create manifest injustice ... [where] the sentencing judge has the familiarity with the prior proceedings to make an informed ruling on sentencing.”). Five days of sentencing hearings were held in 1994. Id. at 215. The state presented evidence of Ann's kidnapping, rape, and murder as well as evidence showing an escape by Taylor. Taylor presented mitigation evidence through 13 witnesses. See id. at 224. Ultimately, Judge Coburn found beyond a reasonable doubt six statutory aggravating circumstances and three non-statutory aggravating circumstances in support of the death penalty, and he found only one mitigating circumstance. Id. at 215, 222. Judge Coburn imposed the death sentence after concluding that the mitigating circumstance did not outweigh the aggravating circumstances.FN4 Id. at 215. FN4. Taylor's 1994 sentences included death for Ann's murder and consecutive terms of 50 years for armed criminal action, 15 years for kidnapping, and life for rape.

Taylor sought Rule 24.035 post-conviction relief from the judgment entered after remand. A two-day hearing was held on this motion in front of Judge Messina. The scope of this Rule 24.035 hearing related “not [to Taylor's] previous plea, but rather the second sentencing procedure.” Judge Messina overruled Taylor's post-conviction motion. Taylor again appealed to this Court. His appeal sought mandatory proportionality review under section 565.035.5, RSMo 1994, and review of the decisions overruling his motion to withdraw his plea and his post-conviction motion. Taylor I addressed collectively the propriety of Taylor's death sentence imposed on remand and the denial of his subsequent post-conviction motion.

Taylor I established that Taylor was sufficiently “informed of the consequences of his plea” in 1991 and that he “understood the consequences and voluntarily entered [his] plea.” Id. at 216. Taylor I also established that there was no error in the refusal to allow him to later withdraw his plea after his case was remanded.FN5 Id. at 215–18. Taylor I concluded that there were no reversible errors in his case and affirmed his death sentence. Taylor I became final when the mandate in the case issued on September 17, 1996. At that time, Taylor's execution was set for January 3, 1997, but that execution date was stayed when he sought relief in the federal courts. A later execution date scheduled for February 2006 also was halted by ongoing litigation. FN5. Cf. Taylor v. Bowersox, 329 F.3d 963, 968–69 (8th Cir.2003).

Taylor has filed numerous unsuccessful requests for relief in his case. A request for habeas corpus relief from the federal courts was denied in Taylor v. Bowersox, 329 F.3d 963, 968–69 (8th Cir.2003) (finding that Taylor's guilty plea remained valid after this Court's remand in Taylor I because he had no substantial and legitimate expectation of being sentenced by the judge who received his plea in 1991, nor did he have a right to be sentenced by the same judge after remand). Taylor also unsuccessfully twice moved this Court to withdraw the mandate in his case, and he has failed to gain relief in other post-conviction and habeas corpus proceedings. See Taylor v. State, 254 S.W.3d 856 (Mo. banc 2008). Now, 20 years after Taylor admitted to kidnapping, raping, and murdering Ann, he is again before this Court seeking relief from his death sentence.

II. Taylor's Arguments for Habeas Relief

Taylor claims that he is entitled to habeas relief reducing his death sentence to life imprisonment for two reasons. First, he maintains that habeas relief should issue because, after this Court affirmed his death sentence in Taylor I, subsequent case law indicated that a death sentence could not be imposed by a judge, rather than by a jury. He highlights that the United States Supreme Court in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 589, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), provided that the jury must find any facts that are not admitted by a defendant and that are necessary for imposition of the death penalty.FN6 He also notes that State v. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d 253, 256 (Mo. banc 2003), applied Ring to vacate a judge-imposed death sentence that had been affirmed before Ring. FN6. Taylor notes that a jury never has found the necessary factual findings for imposing his death sentence, which included: (1) at least one statutory aggravating factor was present in the case; (2) the aggravating evidence warranted imposition of the death penalty; and (3) any mitigating evidence was not “sufficient to outweigh the evidence in aggravation.” See sec. 565.030.4, RSMo 1994 (the statute applicable when Taylor's death sentence was imposed after remand). Taylor argues that the holdings in Ring, Whitfield, and their progeny apply retroactively to his case and demonstrate that he is entitled to Sixth Amendment jury sentencing. He contends that he never waived his Sixth Amendment right to jury sentencing when he pleaded guilty and waived jury sentencing in 1991.

Second, he argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because his death sentence violates equal protection and due process because similarly situated defendants have been sentenced to life imprisonment rather than sentenced to death.

III. Standards for Review

“Habeas corpus is the last judicial inquiry into the validity of a criminal conviction and serves as ‘a bulwark against convictions that violate fundamental fairness.’ ” Amrine v. Roper, 102 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Mo. banc 2003) (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 126, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982)). Habeas proceedings, authorized under Rule 91, are limited to determining the facial validity of a petitioner's confinement. State ex rel. Simmons v. White, 866 S.W.2d 443, 445 (Mo. banc 1993). “[A] writ of habeas corpus may be issued when a person is restrained of his or her liberty in violation of the constitution or laws of the state or federal government.” Amrine, 102 S.W.3d at 545.

Because habeas review guards against unauthorized sentences, this Court considers Taylor's habeas claims asserting that his death sentence exceeds the sentence that is legally authorized. See State ex rel. Zinna v. Steele, 301 S.W.3d 510, 516–17 (Mo. banc 2010) (providing that a claim that the sentence exceeded what was permitted by law is a claim cognizable in a habeas proceedings even if the argument was raised, or should have been raised, in an earlier proceeding). But Taylor, as the habeas corpus petitioner, has the burden of proof to show that he is entitled to relief. State ex rel. Nixon v. Jaynes, 73 S.W.3d 623, 624 (Mo. banc 2002).

IV. Case Law Subsequent To Taylor I
A. Apprendi & Ring

In Apprendi v. New Jersey, the United States Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment does not permit a defendant to be “expose[d] ... to a penalty exceeding the maximum he would receive if punished according to the facts reflected in the jury verdict alone.” 530 U.S. 466, 483, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). Under Apprendi, “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348. In Ring, the court extended its holding in Apprendi to provide that the Sixth Amendment affords a capital murder defendant the right to have a jury find the aggravating factors relevant to the imposition of the death penalty. Ring, 536 U.S. at 609, 122 S.Ct. 2428. Ring stated: “Capital defendants, no less than noncapital defendants, ... are entitled to a jury determination of any fact on which the legislature conditions an increase in their maximum punishment.” Id. at 589, 122 S.Ct. 2428.

B. Whitfield

In 2003, in Whitfield, this Court applied Ring retroactively FN7 and set aside a defendant's death sentence that had been previously affirmed on appeal before Ring was decided. Whitfield held that, under Ring, the defendant was entitled to have a jury make the “factual determinations on which his eligibility for the death sentence was predicated.” Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 256. FN7. As discussed further below, Whitfield applied Missouri's traditional retroactivity analysis in finding that Ring applied retroactively in that case and in cases with similarly situated defendants, but Whitfield's retroactivity holding was expressly limited. See 107 S.W.3d at 268–69.

In Whitfield, the judge had determined the factual issues necessary for imposition of the death penalty after the jury had found the defendant guilty of first-degree murder but then was unable to reach a verdict in the punishment phase of his trial. Id. at 261. Whitfield found that the defendant's Sixth Amendment rights to jury sentencing as outlined in Ring were violated when, after the jury deadlocked, the judge found the essential facts under section 565.030.4, RSMo 1994, that were necessary to impose the death sentence. Id. at 261–62. Whitfield observed that the burden was on the State to show that the Ring error was harmless, and it concluded that the State could not show the error was harmless because it was unknown, based on the jury deadlock, at what phase the jury reached an impasse when making the required statutory determinations for imposing a death sentence. Id. at 262–64.FN8 Accordingly, the defendant in Whitfield had his death sentence reduced to a sentence of life imprisonment because his death sentence had been unconstitutionally imposed when it was based on determinations not made by a jury. Id. at 271–72.

FN8. Whitfield opined: [B]ecause the judgment was entered based on the judge's findings of fact rather than that of the jury, Ring was violated, and the burden shifted to the State to show the Ring error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. A presumption is simply inadequate to meet this high standard, and no affirmative proof sufficient to meet this standard has been offered by the State, as the record is silent in regard to the jury's findings. 107 S.W.3d at 263.

C. Blakely

Subsequent to this Court's holding in Whitfield, the United States Supreme Court extended the reach of Ring by declaring in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 305–06, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), that the Sixth Amendment right to jury sentencing applies even where a defendant pleads guilty. In Blakely, the defendant pleaded guilty to kidnapping, and “[t]he facts admitted in his plea, standing alone, supported a maximum sentence of 53 months” under Washington state law. 542 U.S. at 298, 124 S.Ct. 2531. The state recommended a sentence within the standard range of 49 to 53 months. Id. at 300, 124 S.Ct. 2531. But the defendant was surprised when the judge enhanced his sentence beyond the state's recommendation based on the judge's determinations that the defendant had acted with “deliberate cruelty” toward the victim.FN9 See id. at 300, 124 S.Ct. 2531. The judge “imposed [on the defendant] an ‘exceptional’ sentence of 90 months.” Id. at 298, 124 S.Ct. 2531. The defendant appealed, contending that “the sentencing procedure deprived him of his federal constitutional right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt all facts legally essential to his sentence.” Id. at 301, 124 S.Ct. 2531. FN9. Under Washington law, “deliberate cruelty” was a statutorily enumerated ground for enhancing the defendant's sentence because it was a domestic violence case. See Blakely, 542 U.S. at 300, 124 S.Ct. 2531.

Blakely concluded that the judge's imposition of the exceptional sentence based on his finding of “deliberate cruelty” violated the defendant's Sixth Amendment rights. Id. at 303–06, 124 S.Ct. 2531. Blakely noted that “[t]he facts supporting [the court's finding of deliberate cruelty] were neither admitted by [the defendant] nor found by a jury.” Id. at 303. Blakely made clear that “every defendant has the right to insist that the prosecutor prove to a jury all facts legally essential to the punishment.” Id. at 313, 124 S.Ct. 2531. Blakely also outlined, however, that “nothing prevents a defendant from waiving his Apprendi rights.” 542 U.S. at 310, 124 S.Ct. 2531. According to Blakely, “[w]hen a defendant pleads guilty, the State is free to seek judicial sentence enhancements so long as the defendant either stipulates to the relevant facts or consents to judicial factfinding.” Id. Blakely states: If appropriate waivers are procured, States may continue to offer judicial factfinding as a matter of course to all defendants who plead guilty. Even a defendant who stands trial may consent to judicial factfinding as to sentence enhancements, which may well be in his interest if relevant evidence would prejudice him at trial. We do not understand how Apprendi can possibly work to the detriment of those who are free, if they think its costs outweigh its benefits, to render it inapplicable. Id.

V. Taylor Is Not Entitled To Sixth Amendment Jury Sentencing
A. Taylor Waived Jury Sentencing

Pursuant to Blakely, whether Taylor waived his rights to Sixth Amendment jury sentencing is an important consideration in determining if his judge-imposed death sentence is authorized. Considering the facts of Taylor's case, his 1991 decision to plead guilty and be sentenced by a judge, rather than by a jury, precludes his ability now to claim the Sixth Amendment entitles him to jury sentencing. Taylor I established that Taylor's 1991 guilty plea and jury waiver was not invalidated after this Court remanded his case for a new sentencing hearing. See 929 S.W.2d at 215–18 (approving of the refusal to allow Taylor to withdraw his plea and undergo jury sentencing after his case was remanded). Accordingly, what Taylor knew, intended, and understood in 1991 when he entered his guilty plea is paramount to determining whether he waived his rights to jury sentencing.

The record in Taylor's case shows that, when Taylor entered his plea in 1991, he understood that a consequence of his plea was that he would not have his guilt or sentence determined by a jury.FN10 The record demonstrates his understanding that his guilty plea would lead to him being sentenced by a judge, whereas a not-guilty plea would lead to him being sentenced by a jury. Moreover, the record makes clear that he knew that the judge would be considering the State's recommendation of the death penalty. The following testimony illuminates that Taylor willingly declined a jury's involvement in his sentencing: FN10. When Taylor pleaded guilty, the then-applicable statutory scheme intertwined having a jury for the guilt and punishment phases of the trial. As such, his guilty plea foreclosed him from having a jury determine his sentence.

From the plea hearing transcript at pages 8–9 (emphasis added): Q. Do you also understand that if you plead guilty it will be up to the judge to decide the sentence on all charges? A. Yes. Q. And as the maximum that you can get on all of these charges, do you understand that the Judge can give you the death sentence ? A. Yes. From the plea hearing transcript at pages 9–10: Q. If you plead not guilty, do you understand that you have a right to go to trial? A. Yes. Q. And if you plead not guilty, there would be a trial. A. Yes. Q. Do you understand that the trial would be in front of a jury of twelve people? A. Yes, I do. Q. And the twelve people would have to be unanimous in their verdict? A. Yes. Q. In other words, all twelve would have to agree. A. Yes. Q. The twelve people would have to be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt by the state that you're guilty. A. Yes. Q. And that would be on each charge, all four counts; do you understand that? A. Yes. I do. From the plea hearing transcript at page 13 (emphasis added): Q. Michael, do you understand that if you plead guilty there won't be a trial? A. Yes, I do. Q. And you, in essence, would be giving up those rights. Do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. Sometimes we use the word waive. If you plead guilty, you are waiving the right to a trial by a jury. A. Yes, I understand. Q. The right to a trial. A. Yes, I understand. From the plea hearing transcript at pages 19–21 (emphasis added): Q. Has anyone made any promises to you about how this is going to turn out if you plead guilty? A. No, they haven't. Q. You know that if you plead guilty the state is going to ask for a death sentence and the Judge could impose death. A. Yes, I do. Q. Now, if you plead guilty, do you understand that all that would be left for the Court to do would be to sentence you? A. Yes. ....

Q. ... [D]o you understand, Michael, that there would still be a sentencing hearing where the state will be presenting evidence, and we, on your behalf [,] will be presenting evidence to the Judge as to what sentence to propose on the murder charge ? A. Yes. Q. And actually the Judge can entertain evidence on all of the charges. A. I understand. From the plea hearing transcript at page 28 (emphasis added): Q. And do you understand that there will be a sentencing proceeding yet to occur in front of the Judge? A. Yes, I do. From the plea hearing transcript at pages 34–36 (emphasis added): Q. Do you understand that ... you might be entitled to two trials, that is, one trial where the jury would decide murder in the first degree and then punishment if they found you guilty of murder in the first degree.... Do you understand that? A. Yes. .... Q. No one has guaranteed you what sentence you're going to receive? A. No. Q. No promises have been made to you as to what sentence you're going to receive. A. No, they haven't. Q. Has anyone told you what sentence you're likely to receive? A. No, they haven't. Q. What sentence do you think you're going to receive as to Count I, murder in the first degree? A. What sentence do I think? Q. Yes. A. I don't know. Q. Do you understand that the Judge might very well sentence you to the death penalty in this case ? A. Yes, I do. Q. Do you know that by pleading guilty here today that instead of twelve people deciding, there will only be one person deciding, this Judge; do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. As to the other counts, the Judge could sentence you to the minimum, or he may very well sentence you to the maximum on each of the other counts charged; do you understand that? A. Yes. From the plea hearing transcript at pages 38–42 (emphasis added): Q. Have your attorneys gone over with you the different stages that occur at a murder in the first degree trial? A. Yes. ....

Q. Now, the second phase would be a separate trial in front of the same jury, if they do find you guilty of murder in the first degree. Do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. It would be like a trial. There would be opening statements. The state would present evidence, and you could present evidence. Do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. You would have a right to confront the witnesses, to subpoena witnesses, to subpoena witnesses in. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. The court would then instruct the jury, the attorneys would argue, and then they would deliberate, the jury would deliberate. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. During their deliberations, all twelve jurors must find, beyond a reasonable doubt, at least one aggravating circumstance. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And if they don't find at least one aggravating circumstance, then they must sentence you to life without parole. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. Now, the state has filed notice of nine aggravating circumstances, statutory aggravating circumstances. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. Have you talked about those with your attorney; have you seen those? A. I'm not real familiar with seeing them, but I have talked with them about them. Q. When I say that the jury must find at least one, they must find at least one statutory aggravating circumstance. If they don't, it's life without parole. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. If they do find at least one statutory aggravating circumstance, then they can determine if there are any non-statutory aggravating circumstances. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And the state has filed notice, I believe, of [25] or [26] non-statutory aggravating circumstances. Are you aware of that? A. Yes. Q. And the jury would determine if the statutory aggravating circumstances nonstatutory aggravating circumstances and the evidence in the case, whether they warrant the death penalty. Do you understand that ? A. Yes. Q. And they must unanimously find that they do warrant the death penalty. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And if they don't, then it's life without parole. Do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. And then if they find that there are sufficient aggravating circumstances to warrant death, then they must consider whether there are mitigating circumstances. Do you understand that? A. Yes, I do. Q. And your attorney has supplied me with notice of five statutory mitigating circumstances that would be presented to the jury; do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And the jury would then consider whether those mitigating circumstances, or the evidence in the case, whether it outweighs the aggravating circumstances. And if they found that the mitigating circumstances outweigh the aggravating circumstances, then they must sentence you to life without parole. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And do you understand that when they consider the mitigating circumstances that they don't have to all unanimously find the same mitigating circumstances; do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. And do you understand that even if they find that the mitigating circumstances do not outweigh the aggravating circumstances that they still are not obliged to sentence you to death; do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. The final decision would rest with the jury. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. But again in this case it will all be up to one man. Do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. Is that what you want? A. Yes, it is.

B. Taylor's Jury Waiver Was Purposeful, Not Collateral To His Guilty Plea

Taylor's statements at his initial post-conviction hearing before Judge Dierker in 1992 illuminate what Taylor understood and intended when he pleaded guilty in 1991. At that hearing, Taylor's defense counsel testified that the State's case against Taylor was “one of the strongest cases [that he] had ever encountered” and led to a decision to “concentrate on possible penalty phase evidence” after Taylor pleaded guilty. The record reflects that Taylor's discussions with his attorneys about the prospects of having his case heard by a judge versus a jury led to a purposeful defense strategy of seeking a judge-imposed sentence. He and his counsel thought that his best hope to avoid the death penalty was to have Judge Randall sentence him.

Taylor's testimony on cross-examination at the post-conviction hearing included: Q. Well, did you think that your chances of not getting death were real good in front of a jury? A. I knew that I didn't want to go in front of a jury. Q. And why was that, Mr. Taylor? A. Because I was admitting my guilt. Q. I'm not talking about the issue of guilt. I'm talking about the issue of punishment. Did you want to go in front of a jury for them to decide whether you would live or die? A. Not then but now I do. PCR Tr. 622–23.

Taylor's own testimony, together with other evidence adduced during the postconviction hearing, convinces this Court that Taylor intended to plead guilty at all times during the underlying case and had no desire whatsoever to go to trial on any issue before the jury. Taylor understood and agreed that the facts of his case compelled adoption of the strategy of pleading guilty, with sentencing by a judge rather than trial by jury. Although section 565.006.2, RSMo 1986,FN11 was not discussed with Taylor, counsel concentrated on the best strategy to avoid a death sentence. A jury was viewed as almost certain to recommend death in light of all the facts of the case. Taylor was aware of and understood counsel's thinking and agreed that a jury trial should be avoided at all costs—his hope lay with a plea to a trial judge who might be inclined to mercy. FN11. All statutory references are to RSMo 1986, unless otherwise indicated. The record shows with unmistakable clarity that Taylor purposefully and strategically sought to avoid jury sentencing because he did not want either the guilt or the sentencing portions of his case to be presented to a jury.

C. Taylor's Waiver Of Jury Sentencing Remains Valid
1. Taylor I Did Not Invalidate Taylor's Waiver Of Jury Sentencing

Taylor unpersuasively argues that Taylor I declared that his 1991 guilty plea did not include a waiver of jury sentencing because section 565.006.2 prevented him from having a jury trial on punishment after he pleaded guilty.FN12 Contrary to the assertions of the dissent, however, nothing in Taylor I or any other case has invalidated Taylor's purposeful, strategic choice in 1991 to have his sentence imposed by a judge, not by a jury. FN12. Section 565.006.2 provided: “No defendant who pleads guilty to a homicide offense or who is found guilty of a homicide offense after trial to the court without a jury shall be permitted a trial by jury on the issue of the punishment to be imposed, except by agreement of the state.”

Taylor I rejected Taylor's assertions that he should have been allowed to withdraw his plea.FN13 It specifically rejected his arguments that he was insufficiently informed when he pleaded guilty because his counsel had failed to inform him about the possibility of jury sentencing pursuant to section 565.006.2. 929 S.W.2d at 217. To this end, Taylor I held: FN13. Taylor's rejected claims in Taylor I included that he should have been permitted to withdraw his guilty plea for the following reasons: “he did not receive the benefit of his plea bargain, the court failed to personally admonish him as required by Rule 24.02, the plea was not knowingly and voluntarily made because Taylor was not informed of the elements of first-degree murder and the possibility of jury sentencing, there was insufficient factual basis to support the plea, and the plea was offered to a defective information.” 929 S.W.2d at 215. Taylor also argues the plea was not knowingly made because he was not informed a jury could sentence him.... [Under section 565.006.2,] jury sentencing after a guilty plea [was] not a right for the defendant to waive, rather a privilege for the State to grant. Taylor did not waive sentencing by a jury because he could only obtain jury sentencing if the State agreed to it. The State did not agree; therefore, there was nothing of which to inform him. A knowing and voluntary plea does not require defendant be told details irrelevant to the decision at hand.... Failure to inform Taylor of the possibility of sentencing by a jury did not render his guilty plea unknowing or involuntary. Id.

This discussion in Taylor I was confined to addressing Taylor's challenge that his plea was involuntary because he was not fully informed about the provisions of section 565.006.2 that would have allowed the State to agree to provide him jury sentencing.FN14 Taylor I did not negate the numerous underlying facts showing that Taylor had no wish to be sentenced by a jury and that he understood that his guilty plea represented a strategic acquiescence to be sentenced by a judge rather than by a jury. The record leaves no doubt that Taylor's knowledge of section 565.006.2 had no impact on his plea, as his aim was to avoid jury sentencing.FN15

FN14. Taylor's co-defendant, Nunley, has challenged the constitutional validity of section 565.006.2. In Nunley, this Court concludes that section 565.006.2 is constitutional post- Ring. This Court notes that other courts have held that guilty pleas and waivers remain valid even if the underlying sentencing scheme on which they are based “explicitly and unequivocally precludes the defendant from receiving a jury sentence.” Nunley, 341 S.W.3d 611, 622 (quoting State v. Piper, 709 N.W.2d 783, 807 (S.D.2006)); also citing Colwell v. State, 118 Nev. 807, 59 P.3d 463, 473 (2003) (upholding the Nevada statutory scheme that unequivocally eliminated the right to a jury at sentencing because the defendant pleaded guilty and validly waived his right to a jury trial); Moore v. State, 771 N.E.2d 46, 49 (Ind.2002) (upholding Indiana statutes that unequivocally foreclosed the right to jury sentencing after a guilty plea; finding that the defendant's guilty plea waived his entitlement to argue that the statutory scheme was unconstitutional because it deprived the defendant of a jury determination of the aggravating circumstances). Nunley also declares that section 565.006.2 is constitutional as applied to Nunley because he “cannot [now] claim that the State [pursuant to section 565.006.2] deprived him of a jury, when he strategically pled guilty in order to avoid jury sentencing.” Nunley, 341 S.W.3d 611, 622. Any assessment of whether section 565.006.2 was applied constitutionally in Taylor's case must mirror this analysis from Nunley.

FN15. Taylor's arguments as to his counsel's failure to inform him about section 565.006.2 first were examined in his initial post-conviction proceedings before Judge Dierker. Judge Dierker's findings included: “The dead letter of [section] 565.006.2 looms large in this case, for the sole reason that, in hindsight, it is apparently the one thing that trial counsel for [Taylor] completely overlooked.” Dierker Memorandum at 59. Judge Dierker noted that section 565.006.2 had not been construed in case law and never before had been invoked in Jackson County. And he noted that the statute conferred no right on Taylor to empanel a jury, but rather gave the State the authority to choose jury sentencing. Dierker Memorandum at 59–60. He found that Taylor's counsel were not ineffective for overlooking section 565.006.2, particularly because the “facts of [Taylor's] case were such that it was entirely reasonable for counsel to eschew jury involvement altogether.” Dierker Memorandum at 60. He rejected Taylor's contention that his plea was involuntary because of lack of knowledge about section 565.006.2, concluding that knowledge of the statute had no bearing on Taylor's desire to avoid jury sentencing. See Dierker Memorandum at 60–62. Judge Dierker wrote: “The question is whether, at the time of the pleas, an awareness of [section] 565.006.2 would have changed counsel's recommendation to plead and probably secured a different trial outcome. ... The answer is a resounding ‘No!’ ” Dierker Memorandum at 61–62.

2. Subsequent Case Law Did Not Invalidate Taylor's Jury Waiver
a. Taylor's Jury Waiver Remains Valid Even Though It Preceded 6th Amendment Jury Sentencing Cases

Contrary to Taylor's assertions, his 1991 waiver of jury sentencing is not invalidated because it preceded case law outlining a Sixth Amendment right to jury sentencing. When determining whether a defendant has the requisite understanding to render an “affirmative knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver,” courts do not require a defendant to know if the source of the right being waived is the constitution or a statute. Instead, the relevant assessment is whether the defendant understood the consequences of the right when he gave it up.

In State v. Hunter, this Court opined: The test for determining if the waiver is made intelligently and knowingly depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused. Defendant's knowledge of all relevant facts need not appear in the trial record to support a finding that the waiver ... was proper. To limit the focus of the inquiry to what a defendant said just before the waiver of counsel was permitted would forbid the broad inquiry necessary to a fair assessment of whether defendant knew and appreciated what he was doing when he waived his right to counsel. 840 S.W.2d 850, 858 (Mo. banc 1992) (discussing that a defendant's waiver of counsel was knowing and intelligent) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In finding the defendant's waiver was sufficiently knowing and intelligent in Hunter, this Court noted that “the defendant understood the judge, the right being waived, the choices being made, and had the capacity to think logically at the time he waived counsel.” Id. at 859.

When Taylor waived jury sentencing as part of his plea in 1991, it did not matter whether his right to jury sentencing at that time stemmed from the constitution or a statute.FN16 The source of Taylor's right to be sentenced by a jury was irrelevant to his strategic choice to avoid jury sentencing. The record is clear that Taylor understood that a consequence of his plea and waiver in 1991 was that he would be sentenced by a judge, not by a jury. His jury waiver was not motivated by the source of his right to be sentenced by a jury but by his strategic choice to avoid jury sentencing because of the potential harsh consequences. As discussed above, his jury waiver was not simply an adverse collateral consequence of his guilty plea. Instead, his waiver of jury participation in 1991 was a purposeful strategy to attempt to avoid the death penalty. When Taylor pleaded guilty and waived jury involvement in his case in 1991, he received what he wanted at that time— he did not want to face a jury, no matter under what statute or constitutional provision a right to jury sentencing existed. FN16. Comparatively, this Court's opinion regarding Taylor's co-defendant, Nunley, likewise rejects the notion that a defendant's strategic waiver of jury sentencing is invalidated retroactively by Ring. See Nunley, 341 S.W.3d 611, 628 (“The fact that Ring provided an additional source of [the right to jury sentencing] after Nunley pled guilty does not make Nunley's waiver [of jury sentencing] ‘unknowing.’ ”).

The record supports a finding that Taylor made a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver. He understood the judge's inquiries about his plea and waiver, he understood that his case would not be presented to a jury, and there is no argument that he was incapable at the time of thinking logically and choosing strategically to forego jury participation in his case. He acknowledged that no promises were made to him when he pleaded guilty, and he knew that the judge would be considering whether to sentence him to death. Taylor's 1991 purposeful, strategic acquiescence to be sentenced by a judge, instead of by a jury, did not evaporate in light of future case law that clarified a Sixth Amendment right for capital defendants to be sentenced by a jury.

Contrary to Taylor's arguments, the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 125 S.Ct. 2582, 162 L.Ed.2d 552 (2005), does not render his jury waiver invalid or require that he be allowed to evade the consequences of his 1991 jury waiver. Halbert addressed a Michigan state law that provided that defendants who pleaded guilty or nolo contendere could appeal only by leave of the court. Id. at 609–10, 125 S.Ct. 2582. Under the law, indigent defendants only were provided counsel in certain situations. Id. at 609, 125 S.Ct. 2582. The indigent defendant in Halbert was informed of circumstances in which counsel may have been appointed, but he was not expressly informed that, absent such circumstances, counsel would not be provided. Id. at 643 n. 1, 125 S.Ct. 2582. The defendant requested appellate counsel, but his request was denied. Id. at 615–16, 125 S.Ct. 2582. The United States Supreme Court ultimately found that the defendant was wrongly denied counsel, finding that Michigan's practice of providing counsel violated the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses. Id. at 610, 125 S.Ct. 2582. It rejected Michigan's argument that the defendant had waived his right to appointed appellate counsel by entering a plea of nolo contendere, finding: “At the time [the defendant] entered his plea, [he], in common with other defendants convicted on their pleas, had no recognized right to appointed appellate counsel he could elect to forgo.” Id. at 623, 125 S.Ct. 2582. Halbert noted that the trial court had not informed the defendant, “simply and directly,” that there would be no access to appointed counsel in his case. Id. at 624, 125 S.Ct. 2582.

Whereas the trial court in Halbert did not expressly, “simply and directly” inform the defendant of his rights, the record in Taylor's case shows that the trial court did “simply and directly” discuss with Taylor that he was foregoing jury participation in his case. Taylor was not confused about what he was foregoing, and he received the sentencing that he strategically chose. Unlike the defendant in Halbert, who was alleged to have impliedly waived a right to his detriment, Taylor clearly and unequivocally rejected his opportunity to have his case heard by a jury to obtain his desired judge sentencing. FN17. Similarly, Taylor's case also is distinguishable from Smith v. Yeager, 393 U.S. 122, 89 S.Ct. 277, 21 L.Ed.2d 246 (1968). Smith involved a case in which a defendant's constitutional right had been waived but the defendant's counsel was unsure whether there was such a right and did not believe it important: Whatever counsel's reasons for this obscure gesture of noblesse oblige [in waiving the defendant's right to a hearing], we cannot ... presume that he intentionally relinquished a known right or privilege, when the right or privilege was of doubtful existence at the time of the supposed waiver. 393 U.S. at 126, 89 S.Ct. 277 (emphasis added).

In Taylor's case, however, there was no issue about the doubtful existence of his right to jury sentencing causing his counsel confusion, as Taylor purposefully and strategically chose judge sentencing and declined jury sentencing.

b. The Sixth Amendment Jury Sentencing Cases Are Distinguishable From Taylor's Case

Because the record clearly shows that Taylor strategically waived jury sentencing after weighing the costs and benefits of facing a jury, his case is distinguishable from Apprendi, Ring, Blakely, Whitfield, and their progeny.FN18 Unlike Taylor, the defendants in these other cases did not knowingly and strategically plead guilty and waive jury sentencing based on a belief that jury sentencing would offer harsher consequences than would judge sentencing. Unlike the defendants in the other cases, Taylor strategically sought judge sentencing because he believed that judge sentencing was more likely to result in leniency or mercy. FN18. Until Taylor's case (and his co-defendant Nunley's companion case), no other case before this Court has addressed the right to Sixth Amendment jury sentencing in a situation in which the defendant strategically pleaded guilty and waived jury sentencing because he believed that a jury would sentence him to death.

Nothing in Ring or its progeny extends Sixth Amendment jury sentencing protections to defendants who strategically plead guilty and purposefully waive jury sentencing. And Blakely expressly recognizes that defendants can acquiesce to having their sentences imposed by a judge, rather than by a jury, and thereby waive their rights to having a jury find the facts essential for a sentence. See 542 U.S. at 310, 124 S.Ct. 2531. While the defendant in Blakely was surprised by his enhanced sentence, Taylor knew that the judge was considering the State's recommendation for the available enhanced sentence (the death penalty), yet he still sought judge sentencing because he believed that it would be to his benefit and that jury sentencing would be to his disadvantage. As such, contrary to Taylor's arguments, it is not instructive that the defendant in Blakely was provided Sixth Amendment jury sentencing relief after his guilty plea, as Blakely did not involve a defendant who clearly, intentionally, and strategically waived jury sentencing because it was not in his interest.

Similarly, Whitfield also is not instructive in Taylor's case. In Whitfield, this Court held that the principles articulated in Ring applied retroactively to a defendant who did not waive a jury trial and whose sentence was imposed by a judge after the jury deadlocked during the penalty phase. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 256. Unlike Taylor, however, the defendant in Whitfield made a clear choice to have his guilt and punishment decided by a jury, yet he then was denied that choice when the judge undertook to determine his punishment after the jury deadlock. Id. at 256, 261. Taylor, in contrast, purposefully and strategically rejected jury sentencing altogether. Because the record clearly shows that Taylor knowingly, purposefully, and strategically avoided jury sentencing, he is not entitled to habeas relief based on the distinguishable holdings in Apprendi, Ring, Blakely, Whitfield, or their progeny.

c. No Retroactive Application Of Ring Or Its Progeny Is Required

In addition to finding that Ring and its progeny are distinguishable, this Court also finds that Taylor is not entitled to retroactive application of Ring and the other Sixth Amendment jury sentencing cases. No case law compels this Court to invalidate retroactively Taylor's 1991 agreement that he would be sentenced by a judge rather than by a jury. In Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004), the United States Supreme Court, in an opinion published immediately before Blakely, declared that Ring did not apply retroactively in a case in which a death sentence was collaterally attacked after the sentence was final on direct review. The defendant in Summerlin brought a habeas petition claiming that Ring entitled him to relief because his pre- Ring death sentence was imposed by a judge rather than by a jury. See Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 349–51, 124 S.Ct. 2519. The Supreme Court, however, concluded: The right to jury trial is fundamental to our system of criminal procedure, and States are bound to enforce the Sixth Amendment's guarantees as we interpret them. But it does not follow that, when a criminal defendant has had a full trial and one round of appeals in which the State faithfully applied the Constitution as we understood it at the time, he may nevertheless continue to litigate his claims indefinitely in hopes that we will one day have a change of heart. Ring announced a new procedural rule that does not apply retroactively to cases already final on direct review. Id. at 358, 124 S.Ct. 2519 (emphasis added).

Similarly, in United States v. Stoltz, the Eighth Circuit announced its conclusion that Blakely does not apply retroactively on collateral review of a conviction or sentence that is final. 149 Fed.Appx. 567, 568–69 (8th Cir.2005) (noting also that the Eighth Circuit had held previously that Apprendi does not apply retroactively in collateral proceedings). The defendant in Stoltz, like Taylor here, was before the court on a habeas petition raising a Blakely issue. Stoltz noted that “[a]lthough a new rule of criminal procedure announced by the Supreme Court applies to all criminal cases then pending on direct appeal, it does not apply to convictions that are already final, except in limited circumstances.” Id. at 568. It highlighted that “[w]here a conviction is final, the new rule is retroactive only if it is either a substantive rule or a watershed rule of procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding [, and] ... [a] new procedural rule ... is fundamental only when without it the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished.” Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). Stoltz found that “[t]he Blakely rule is not substantive because it does not alter the range of conduct or the class of persons the law punishes[, rather] it only addresses what facts a judge may use to determine a sentence,” and it is not a procedural rule “of watershed magnitude.” Id. at 569. Stoltz explained that “[t]he Blakely rule is not so fundamental to fairness that without it the likelihood of an accurate conviction or sentence is seriously diminished,” and it noted that “[e]very [federal] circuit court to consider the issue has held that Blakely is not retroactive.” Id.

These federal decisions rest on the United States Supreme Court's decision in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). Teague provided that federal courts will apply new constitutional rules retroactively only if a substantive law is at issue or if a procedural law is at issue that either (1) places “certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to proscribe” or (2) establishes “watershed rules of criminal procedure” that “implicate the fundamental fairness of the trial” and “without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished.” 489 U.S. at 311–13, 109 S.Ct. 1060 (1989) (internal quotations omitted). In Whitfield, however, this Court decided to offer greater retroactive application of new constitutional rules over procedural matters than Teague would require: For these reasons, as a matter of state law, this Court chooses not to adopt the Teague analysis but instead chooses to continue applying the Linkletter [ v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965) ] – Stovall [ v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967) ] approach to the issue of the retroactivity of Ring, an approach that comports better with Missouri's legal tradition. Applying the analysis set out in Linkletter–Stovall here, this Court must consider (1) the purpose to be served by the new rule, (2) the extent of reliance by law enforcement on the old rule, and (3) the effect on the administration of justice of retroactive application of the new standards. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 268.

In offering the defendant in Whitfield retroactive application of Ring, Whitfield discussed: [T]he second and third factors [of Linkletter– Stovall ] clearly favor retroactivity.... Missouri juries have always made the decision whether to impose the death penalty except in those few cases in which the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Moreover ... Ring must be applied to all future death penalty cases and to those not yet final or still on direct appeal. Thus, only those few Missouri death penalty cases that are no longer on direct appeal and in which the jury was unable to reach a verdict and the judge made the required factual determinations and imposed the death penalty will be affected by the retroactive application of Ring. As a result, the effect of application of Ring to cases on collateral review will not cause dislocation of the judicial or prosecutorial system. This Court's preliminary review of its records has identified only five potential such cases. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 268–69 (listing the five cases identified, which did not include Taylor's case or his co-defendant Nunley's case) FN19 (emphasis added).

FN19. Nunley rejects retroactive Sixth Amendment jury sentencing for Taylor's co-defendant, noting that Ring has been applied retroactively in nine cases after Whitfield, but none of these cases involved a defendant who strategically pleaded guilty and waived jury sentencing. See Nunley, 341 S.W.3d 611, 619 (referencing State ex rel. Lyons v. Lombardi, 303 S.W.3d 523, 525 n. 2 (Mo. banc 2010); Ervin v. Purkett, 2007 WL 2782332 (E.D.Mo.2007) at *1; State v. Thompson, 134 S.W.3d 32, 33 (Mo. banc 2004); State ex rel. Baker v. Kendrick, 136 S.W.3d 491, 494 (Mo. banc 2004); State ex rel. Mayes v. Wiggins, 150 S.W.3d 290, 291 (Mo. banc 2004); State v. Buchanan, 115 S.W.3d 841, 842 (Mo. banc 2003); State v. Smith, No. SC77337, order entered October 28, 2003; State v. Richardson, No. SC76059, order entered October 29, 2003; State v. Morrow, No. SC79112, order entered October 29, 2003).

By its terms, Whitfield's retroactivity holding is limited to the identified similar collateral review cases in which the jury was convened but was unable to reach a verdict and then the sentence was imposed by the judge. FN20 Accordingly, Taylor is not entitled to retroactive Sixth Amendment jury sentencing under Whitfield. FN20. The dissent states that Whitfield applies to Taylor's case because it provides retroactive Sixth Amendment jury sentencing rights in “all death penalty cases in which the jury was unable to agree upon the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty.” That characterization of Whitfield, however, takes Whitfield's limited holding too far. Whitfield does not stand for the proposition that all defendants sentenced to death without jury findings now are entitled to retroactive relief. Where, as here, there never was a jury convened, the case does not present issues of a jury “unable to reach a verdict.” See Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 268. In such a case, Whitfield has no application.

Notably, the United States Supreme Court and other federal courts have not afforded retroactive application of Ring and its progeny. And, in light of Whitfield's limited retroactively holding, this Court is not compelled to go further than the United States Supreme Court to provide Sixth Amendment jury sentencing to Taylor.

VI. Taylor's Death Sentence Should Not Be Vacated

For the reasons addressed above, Taylor remains bound by his strategic decision in 1991 to have his sentence imposed by a judge, not by a jury. This is particularly true because he believed that judge sentencing would benefit him. He is not entitled to strategically plead guilty and waive jury sentencing and then claim that judge sentencing violated his constitutional rights. To approve such an argument would solicit game-play in criminal cases. It essentially would encourage a defendant to waive his jury rights, take his chances with a judge and then, if he does not receive the leniency he expected from the judge, later feign confusion about having waived his right to jury sentencing so he could take his chances again before a jury.

VII. Taylor Is Not Entitled To Have His Death Sentence Reduced To Life Imprisonment

Taylor also contends that he is entitled to habeas relief because his death sentence violates due process and equal protection because he has been treated differently from 10 other defendants whose sentences “based on judge-found facts” were reduced from death to life without parole. But these other defendants differ from him because they did not waive jury sentencing. Taylor further argues that habeas relief should issue because his death sentence is isproportionate in comparison with the life sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants. This Court, however, previously has established that it will not undertake retrospective proportionality review of death sentences. See State v. Clay, No. SC78373 (order entered December 9, 2010) (reflecting that this Court will not undertake retroactive proportionality review of death sentences in light of State v. Deck, 303 S.W.3d 527 (Mo. banc 2010) (Stith, J. concurring), and State v. Dorsey, 318 S.W.3d 648, 659 (Mo. banc 2010)). As such, Taylor is not entitled to a new proportionality review of his death sentence.

VIII. Conclusion

Taylor remains bound by his previous choice to forego jury sentencing, even though his choice preceded changes in the law that might have led him in hindsight to seek a different course. As this Court has noted before, “[f]inality of litigation occupies an important place in the criminal justice process ... [, and] [a]t some point litigation must cease.” State v. Thompson, 659 S.W.2d 766, 768 (Mo. banc 1983). Taylor's criminal proceedings have been justly resolved and have reached this point of finality. His case repeatedly has been reviewed for errors, and this Court continues to find that no error was made in his case that would entitle him to relief from his sentences.

For the foregoing reasons, Taylor's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied. PRICE, C.J., BRECKENRIDGE and FISCHER, JJ., concur. STITH, J., dissents in separate opinion filed; TEITELMAN and WOLFF, JJ., concur in opinion of STITH, J.

LAURA DENVIR STITH, Judge.

I respectfully dissent. On February 8, 1991, Michael A. Taylor pleaded guilty to first-degree murder. Thereafter a judge, rather than a jury, acted as fact-finder in his punishment phase trial. The judge determined that the facts warranted the imposition of a death sentence under section 565.030.4, RSMo 1986. In 1994, after that sentence was vacated, a different judge, after a second punishment-phase trial, again found that the facts warranted the imposition of a death sentence. In Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 609, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), the United States Supreme Court thereafter held that defendants have a Sixth Amendment right to a jury determination of the facts on which guilt is based and that all defendants, including those who plead guilty, have a separate Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine the facts necessary to impose punishment.

Applying these principles, this Court has recognized that a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights are violated when a judge, rather than the jury, finds the facts necessary for imposition of a sentence of death after the jury is unable to agree upon punishment, State v. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d 253 (Mo. banc 2003), and that this ruling applies retroactively under Missouri's retroactivity principles to all death penalty cases in which the jury was unable to agree upon the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty. Id. Further, in Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 623, 125 S.Ct. 2582, 162 L.Ed.2d 552 (2005), the United States Supreme Court held that the defendant could not waive a constitutional right that was not yet recognized and was not inherently waived by a plea of guilty. Therefore, by pleading nolo contendere, Halbert did not waive his constitutional right to appointed counsel on first-tier appellate review, despite a Michigan statute stating that a defendant who pleads guilty or nolo contendere waives any right to counsel on appeal, as that right had not yet been recognized.

Based on these authorities, Mr. Taylor seeks a writ of habeas corpus arguing that his death sentence is unconstitutional because the facts necessary to impose a sentence of death were found by a judge rather than a jury. I agree with Mr. Taylor that the principles set out in Ring, Blakely and Whitfield apply here. This Court held on Mr. Taylor's prior appeal that he had no right to a jury determination of punishment as the United States Constitution as then interpreted did not provide a right to a jury determination of all facts that are essential to punishment and Missouri statutes did not give such a right to a defendant who, like Mr. Taylor, pleaded guilty. Accordingly, Mr. Taylor did not waive any right to jury sentencing. State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209, 217, 218–19 (Mo. banc 1996). This holding that Mr. Taylor did not have a right which he could waive and so waiver principles do not apply to him is law of the case. State v. Deck, 303 S.W.3d 527, 545 (Mo. banc 2010).

Now that the United States Supreme Court has held that there is a separate Sixth Amendment right to have the jury find the facts at sentencing, Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), it would violate equal protection principles to apply this Sixth Amendment right to those denied a jury determination of punishment due to a jury dead-lock but not those so denied it because they pleaded guilty. Further, the United States Supreme Court has clarified that one cannot knowingly and intelligently waive a right that has not yet been recognized. Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 125 S.Ct. 2582, 162 L.Ed.2d 552 (2005). Finally, even were Mr. Taylor able to waive a right he did not know he had, and even were this Court's holding that he did not waive his right to a jury determination of facts on prior appeal not law of the case, as a factual matter he did not affirmatively waive or even know he could have had a right to a jury trial on the issue of sentence. The guilty plea transcript shows merely that he knew that by pleading guilty he would not be afforded a jury trial on punishment, not that he affirmatively wanted to avoid a jury trial on punishment or knew that he could have requested a jury trial on punishment.

Moreover, the principal opinion's reliance on excerpts of Mr. Taylor's testimony at a post-conviction motion hearing is misplaced because, in context, it is evident that Mr. Taylor was stating that he wanted to avoid a jury trial on guilt and realized that this meant that he would not be entitled to a jury trial on punishment, not that he affirmatively wished to avoid a jury trial on punishment, as the principal opinion erroneously infers.FN1 As his counsel's testimony confirms, there simply was no discussion of that issue prior to his plea or the punishment-phase trial. FN1. In that testimony, Mr. Taylor stated that his counsel did not discuss with him whether it would be better to have a judge or jury determine punishment. Mr. Taylor and his counsel all believed that if he waived a jury trial of guilt, as they all agreed he should do in light of his confession, then he automatically lost the right to a jury trial on punishment. Mr. Taylor's testimony thereby demonstrated that he did not make an independent affirmative waiver of jury sentencing when he made the knowing choice to plead guilty. For all these reasons, I believe Mr. Taylor's death sentence must be set aside and the case sent back for a new punishment-phase jury trial.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 22, 1989, Michael A. Taylor and a companion abducted, raped and murdered Ann Harrison, a 15–year–old high school student. The details of that crime are set out in this Court's opinion on Mr. Taylor's prior appeal, Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209. Mr. Taylor was charged with first-degree murder. On February 8, 1991, he appeared before the Jackson County circuit court and entered a plea of guilty to the murder charge in open court and on the record. At that time, as now, section 565.006.2, RSMo 1986, provided “No defendant who pleads guilty to a homicide offense ... shall be permitted a trial by jury on the issue of the punishment to be imposed, except by agreement of the state.” At the guilty plea hearing, Mr. Taylor was questioned about this legal consequence of his plea:

Q: Do you also understand that if you plead guilty it will be up to the Judge to decide the sentence on all charges? A: Yes. .... Q: Do you know that by pleading guilty here today that instead of 12 people deciding, there will only be one person deciding [on sentence], this Judge: do you understand that? A: Yes, I do.

Mr. Taylor reaffirmed his knowledge that a jury would sentence him as a result of his plea a number of additional times and that he pleaded guilty so knowing. Indeed, as this point is undisputed, the only purpose of the majority's decision to spend pages and pages quoting at length from the transcript to show this statutory waiver must be to emphasize this point just for effect, for nowhere in those many pages is Mr. Taylor told he has a separate constitutional right to jury trial, nor is he asked whether he wishes to waive that right or would do so if he were permitted to plead guilty and also have a jury trial on punishment. This is not surprising because, without question, Missouri statutes prohibited a person such a Mr. Taylor, who said he desired to plead guilty rather than have a jury trial on guilt, from having a jury trial on punishment or the facts necessary to impose punishment. § 565.006.2. As this Court noted on prior appeal of Taylor, this means he had no right to a jury trial on punishment once he waived a jury trial on guilt. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 217–19. Thereafter, the circuit court conducted a punishment phase trial with the court serving as fact-finder. The circuit court sentenced Mr. Taylor to death after making the factual findings statutorily required to impose that punishment. § 565.030.4.

Mr. Taylor moved for post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 24.035 challenging his guilty plea and sentence. He asked to be permitted to withdraw his guilty plea and to have a jury trial on guilt and sentencing because the sentencing judge had consumed alcohol at lunch before imposing a death sentence and because of other errors in his sentencing. Because of these allegations, the entire bench of the Jackson County Circuit Court recused itself from the post-conviction litigation and this Court appointed a special judge. In his post-conviction hearing, Mr. Taylor was asked in detail about whether he had pleaded guilty because he was trying to avoid a jury trial on punishment and he believed a judge might be more lenient. He said this was not the case; that he pleaded guilty because he had confessed, so there was no point to a jury trial; and that he feared a jury would hold his confession against him in the sentencing phase if he first forced the issue of guilt to trial. But he said he was not afraid of a jury and did not know whether a judge or a jury would have been more likely to give him a death sentence, nor did his attorneys discuss this issue with him. His counsel basically confirmed his testimony.

Mr. Taylor's post-conviction testimony on this issue, in full, is as follows: Q: In your discussions with your attorneys did you go over the way a jury would look at the evidence against you? A. No, my attorneys and I went over the possibility of going to trial, which I told them I didn't want to go to trial. Q. And you didn't want to go to trial because your opinion was that this evidence would really make a jury mad? A. I don't know what would have made the jury mad. I knew it was a murder, I was confessing that I did it and I didn't want to go to trial. We didn't discuss that in a debate. Q. Did you discuss the likelihood of receiving a death sentence if you went in front of a jury? A. Yes. Q. And your opinion as to the likelihood of receiving a death sentence was that it would be very high? A. I really couldn't answer that. Q. Well, did you think that your chances of not getting death were real good in front of a jury? A. I knew that I didn't want to go in front of a jury. Q. And why was that, Mr. Taylor? A. Because I was admitting to my guilt. Q. I'm not talking about the issue of guilt, I'm talking about the issue of punishment. Did you want to go in front of a jury for them to decide whether you would live or die? A. Not then but now I do. Q. And why didn't you want to then? A. Because I was admitting my guilt. Q. Do you understand that under any circumstances no matter what happens in this case nothing can take away that videotaped confession that you've admitted to? A. Yes. Q. So no matter what happens you have already admitted your guilt, do you understand that? A. Yes. Q. So let me ask you, why is it that you avoided a jury in your decision that you made when you decided to plead in front of Judge Randall? What was it that you were afraid of in front of a jury? A. It wasn't that I was afraid, it just didn't—I preferred not to go to a jury trial. Q. Did you have any doubt in your mind that a jury would sentence you to death? A. Did I have any doubt? I didn't know. Q. You didn't have an opinion, is what you're telling us under oath, as to what a jury would do? A. I can't answer that because I'm not the jury. I mean, I would hope that they would understand me accepting—my willingness to admit that I committed this crime and have mercy. Q. Is the way that you were raised that if you commit a crime and you get caught and you say, “I did it,” that that erases punishment? A. No, it's not. Q. Okay. And your testimony before this Judge is that you don't recall any discussions with your attorneys about the likelihood of receiving death in front of a jury? A. No. Q. You don't recall and you're telling us under oath in front of this Judge that you don't recall any real discussions about the death penalty likelihood at all? A. We discussed the issues concerning the First Degree Murder charge of life without parole and possibility of the death penalty. But as far as discussing what I probably would get going to a jury, we really didn't discuss that. Q. Why did you decide to plead in front of a Judge? Why did you want to plead in front of Judge Meyers? A. Because of my videotaped statement. Q. Did you think that the Judge would be more or less likely to give a death penalty than a jury? A. I really don't know. Q. So you just really didn't know anything about this? A. Yes, I did. I knew that I was admitting to my guilt. Q. Well, I think we've accepted—everybody's accepted that you're guilty of Murder First Degree, Armed Criminal Action, Kidnapping and Rape. The issue is punishment. You had no discussions, no opinion as to the relative benefits between a Judge or jury for punishment, is that what you're telling us? A. Yes. (emphasis added).

As the above complete quotation of Mr. Taylor's testimony demonstrates, when considered in context, his comments did not imply that he purposely avoided a jury trial of punishment but in fact showed that it was a jury trial of guilt he wanted to avoid; he was not even aware that there was an option of a jury trial of punishment.

Mr. Taylor's counsel confirmed that they had not discussed with him the possibility that he could seek a jury trial of punishment even if he pleaded guilty. Counsel Martin McLain testified that he was unaware that section 565.006 gave the State an option to agree to a jury trial of punishment even if defendant pleaded guilty, and so he never told Mr. Taylor there was a third option to either a complete jury trial or a complete judge trial—pleading guilty and then seeking jury sentencing. Mr. McClain's “memory was the choice was between the jury and pleading guilty and having the Judge sentence.” Mr. McClain said that he recommended going to trial before Judge Meyers or Judge Randall as he thought Mr. Taylor had a better chance with a judge than with a jury. In particular, Mr. McClain “discussed with Mr. Taylor that [he] believed that the videotaped confession would be very damaging at a guilt phase proceeding.” They concentrated on how a jury would react if he contested guilt and went to trial, and in light of the facts, the publicity, and his confession they thought a “jury would convict him” if he went to trial and that as a consequence “a death sentence was more likely than not.”

Mr. McClain “was concerned with how bad the confession would look to a jury of twelve and how bad it would look that [they] were contesting his guilt when he had made that confession.” Mr. McClain was “not familiar of a case where someone went in and said they were guilty and asked the jury for leniency at any kind of a sentencing proceeding.” Mr. Taylor did not learn from him that there was a chance that he could plead guilty and then ask for jury sentencing. Co-counsel was Leslie Delk. She, too, confirmed that because “the evidence clearly was not good,” she told Mr. Taylor to plead guilty before Judge Meyers and later Judge Randall. But, while she was aware of section 565.006 due to the post-conviction litigation, she did not discuss with Mr. Taylor that section 565.006 gave a defendant a right to plead guilty and then ask the prosecutor to agree to jury sentencing. She could not say what she would have done had she known of this possibility. Some of the same factors that led her to recommend that Mr. Taylor plead guilty would have led her to recommend judge sentencing. But, there were other factors that favored jury sentencing, particularly Mr. Taylor's remorse and his family support, which would both be strong mitigators. Ms. Delk failed to discuss any of this with him and testified that she failed in her obligation to advise him of all of his options.

These failures of counsel may be explained by the fact that Ms. Delk was required to leave the public defender system a short time after the guilty plea and before sentencing and only continued representing Mr. Taylor by court appointment, and that prior to the plea, Mr. McClain quit to take another job and was working on the case from Florida, while extremely ill. Both admitted they did not spend the time on the case that they wished. The only other person assigned to the case was a paralegal who had been employed by the public defender system, as her first job, for only six months. None of them discussed with Mr. Taylor an option of pleading guilty and trying punishment to a jury. The judge nonetheless denied post-conviction relief. Mr. Taylor then brought to this Court a consolidated appeal challenging the guilty plea, the imposition of the death penalty and the overruling of the Rule 24.035 motion for post-conviction relief. On June 29, 1993, after the appeal had been briefed and argued, this Court did not issue an opinion considering the merits of any of these rulings but rather issued its order vacating the judgment below, stating: “Judgment vacated. Cause remanded for new penalty hearing, imposition of sentence, and entry of new judgment.”

On remand, a new trial judge was assigned to hear the retrial of the punishment phase. Thereafter, on January 11, 1994, Mr. Taylor again filed a motion in the trial court to withdraw his guilty plea. This motion again was overruled. Mr. Taylor also requested that a jury be the fact-finder in the punishment phase trial, but the request was denied. Mr. Taylor's second punishment phase trial began May 2, 1994. Following the trial, the trial court made oral and written findings that the state had proved six statutory aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt as well as three non-statutory aggravating circumstances. The judge found the existence of one mitigating circumstance, rejecting several others offered by Mr. Taylor, and found that the mitigating circumstance did not outweigh the aggravating circumstances. The judge then concluded that the aggravating circumstances warranted a death sentence. FN2. Mr. Taylor also received consecutive terms of 50 years for armed criminal action, 15 years for kidnapping and life imprisonment for rape.

In September 1994, Mr. Taylor filed a motion for post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 24.035, challenging his guilty plea and challenging his second sentencing proceeding and sentence of death. The circuit court overruled the motion in an order accompanied with findings of fact and conclusions of law. Mr. Taylor then brought a consolidated appeal limited to this Court's mandatory proportionality review, § 565.035.5, RSMo 1994, and review of the overruling of the motion to withdraw plea and the denial of post-conviction relief. This Court affirmed in Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209. This Court there rejected Mr. Taylor's argument that he had a right to but was denied a jury trial on the issue of punishment on remand. In so doing, this Court stated that “where a defendant previously had a right to have a jury impose sentence, section 565.035.5(3) does allow ‘a new jury’ to be selected for purposes of imposing sentence.” Id. at 219. But, “section 565.035.5(3) does not provide a defendant a right to a jury trial on the imposition of sentence where such a right did not exist prior to remand.” FN3 Id. Section 565.035.5(3), RSMo 2000 (emphasis added), states: 5. The supreme court shall include in its decision a reference to those similar cases which it took into consideration. In addition to its authority regarding correction of errors, the supreme court, with regard to review of death sentences, shall be authorized to: .... (3) Set the sentence aside and remand the case for retrial of the punishment hearing. A new jury shall be selected or a jury may be waived by agreement of both parties and then the punishment trial shall proceed in accordance with this chapter, with the exception that the evidence of the guilty verdict shall be admissible in the new trial together with the official transcript of any testimony and evidence properly admitted in each stage of the original trial where relevant to determine punishment.

Taylor therefore made the propriety of allowing a judge rather than a jury determine the facts necessary for punishment at Mr. Taylor's second trial dependent on whether Mr. Taylor had a right to have a jury conduct sentencing fact-finding at the time of his initial trial. Taylor stated that under the United States Supreme Court's decision in Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 460, 104 S.Ct. 3154, 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984), a “ ‘ defendant has no constitutional right to have a jury assess punishment.’ ” Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 219, quoting, State v. Hunter, 840 S.W.2d 850, 863 (Mo. banc 1992) (emphasis added). Therefore, if Mr. Taylor had a right to a jury trial on punishment, it would have to be based on Missouri statutes. But, Taylor held, it is “obvious from the language of” section 565.006.2 that a defendant who pleads guilty has no statutory right to jury sentencing. Therefore: jury sentencing after a guilty plea is not a right for the defendant to waive, rather a privilege for the State to grant. Taylor did not waive sentencing by a jury because he could only obtain jury sentencing if the State agreed to it. The State did not agree. Therefore, there was nothing of which to inform him. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 217 (emphasis added). Taylor concluded that “section 565.035.5(3) does not entitle Taylor to ‘a new jury’ for imposition of punishment because he never obtained nor possessed the right to a jury for imposition of punishment prior to this Court's remand order.” Id. at 219. This Court affirmed Taylor's death sentence. Id.

Mr. Taylor now petitions for habeas relief arguing that, under cases decided since this Court denied his appeal and motion for post-conviction relief, he is entitled to have his death sentence set aside and to have a sentence of life imprisonment imposed or, alternatively, is entitled to a jury trial on punishment. The majority rejects Mr. Taylor's habeas claim, concluding, inter alia, that Mr. Taylor purposefully waived his retroactive right to jury determination of the facts necessary to impose death. For the reasons discussed below, I disagree.

II. MR. TAYLOR IS ENTITLED TO HABEAS RELIEF
A. Defendants Who Plead Guilty Have 6th Amendment Right to Jury Fact–Finding Necessary for Death

Mr. Taylor contends that he is entitled to habeas relief under the United States Supreme Court's decisions in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), Ring and Blakely. These decisions were handed down by the United States Supreme Court only after Mr. Taylor's death sentence was affirmed by this Court in State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209 (1996). These cases, he argues, rejected this Court's stated premise in Taylor that a “defendant has no constitutional right to have a jury assess punishment,” 929 S.W.2d at 219. I agree.

Apprendi held that under the Sixth Amendment, as applied to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment, any fact, except the fact of prior conviction, that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the maximum allowed by the facts found by the jury also must be submitted to the jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. at 476, 120 S.Ct. 2348. Ring made clear that in a capital case this means, “Capital defendants are entitled to a jury determination of any fact on which the legislature conditions an increase in their maximum punishment.” 536 U.S. at 589, 122 S.Ct. 2428. “If a State makes an increase in a defendant's authorized punishment contingent on the finding of a fact, that fact—no matter how the State labels it—must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 602, 122 S.Ct. 2428. The only exception is when the increase is conditioned on the existence of prior convictions; those findings need not be made by the jury. Id. at 597 n. 4, 600, 122 S.Ct. 2428. In reaching its holding in Ring, the Supreme Court expressly overruled Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 649, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990), which had held that there is no Sixth Amendment violation where a judge finds an aggravating factor because aggravating factors are mere sentencing considerations, not “element[s] of the offense of capital murder.”

The United States Supreme Court reaffirmed Ring in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). It clarified that the Sixth Amendment right to jury fact-finding as to punishment is separate from the right to a jury trial on guilt, and, although a particular defendant is free to choose not to take advantage of that right, as when that defendant makes a knowing, intelligent and voluntary waiver of that constitutional right, otherwise the right to a jury determination of punishment applies even if a defendant has pleaded guilty, because the right to jury fact-finding “is no mere procedural formality, but a fundamental reservation of power in our constitutional structure.” Blakely, 542 U.S. at 305–06, 124 S.Ct. 2531.

A year after Ring, this Court set aside Joseph Whitfield's death sentence (which it had affirmed on appeal before Ring was decided) “because the judge rather than the jury made the factual determinations on which his eligibility for the death sentence was predicated.” 107 S.W.3d at 256. The judge had determined the factual issues necessary for imposition of the death penalty in Whitfield because after finding Mr. Whitfield guilty of first-degree murder, the jury was unable to reach a verdict in the punishment phase. In the punishment phase, the jury was required to impose a life sentence unless it made three specific findings beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) at least one statutory aggravating factor was present in the defendant's case; (2) the aggravating evidence “warrant[ed] imposing the death sentence”; and (3) any mitigating evidence was not “sufficient to outweigh the evidence in aggravation of punishment found by the trier.” FN4 § 565.030.4, RSMo 1994. As the Whitfield jury was unable to agree on punishment, the trial judge conducted the section 565.030.4 step-by-step analysis and imposed the death penalty. In this way, the judge rather than the jury found the essential facts under section 565.030.4 to impose death.

FN4. Even if the jury made these three specific findings, it could decide to recommend a life sentence if it “decide[d] under all the circumstances not to assess and declare the punishment of death.” § 565.030.4(4), RSMo 1994. The jury's discretion to exercise mercy pursuant to section 565.030.4(4) is not considered a “fact” that a jury must find under Ring. Section 565.030.4, originally contained in RSMo 1986, was amended, mostly cosmetically, in 1993. 1993 H.B. 562. This is the version of the statute at issue in Mr. Taylor's case. Section 565.030.4 was amended once more in 2001, 2001 S.B. 267, this is the version of the statute that is presently in effect. 565.030.4, RSMo Supp.2010. The penalty phase procedure under the current version of section 565.030.4 still calls for the fact-finder to find at least one statutory aggravator and to decide whether the mitigating evidence outweighs the aggravating evidence (it also retains the section 565.030.4(4) mercy provision) but it added a requirement to determine whether the defendant is mentally retarded and abolished the jury's obligation to decide whether the aggravating factor or factors warrant imposing the death sentence. Id.

B. Ring Applies Retroactively

Whitfield also determined that the Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine all the facts necessary to impose punishment recognized in Apprendi, Ring and Blakely would apply retroactively to cases on collateral review under the three-part Linkletter–Stovall retroactivity analysis long used in Missouri. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 266, 268, citing, Spidle v. State, 446 S.W.2d 793 (Mo.1969); State v. Ussery, 452 S.W.2d 146 (Mo.1970); McCulley v. State, 486 S.W.2d 419 (Mo.1972). FN5. In Danforth v. Minnesota, 552 U.S. 264, 289, 128 S.Ct. 1029, 169 L.Ed.2d 859 (2008), the United States Supreme Court cited with approval Whitfield's statement that Missouri could adhere to Linkletter–Stovall, holding that “the Teague decision limits the kinds of constitutional violations that will entitle an individual to relief on federal habeas, but does not in any way limit the authority of a state court, when reviewing its own state criminal convictions, to provide a remedy for a violation that is deemed ‘nonretroactive’ under Teague.” 552 U.S. at 282, 128 S.Ct. 1029. Danforth noted that both before and after Teague commentators had advanced “the proposition that state courts may apply new constitutional standards in a broader range of cases than is required by this Court's decision not to apply the standards retroactively.” Id. at 277 n. 14, 128 S.Ct. 1029 (internal quotations and alterations omitted), citing Stith, A Contrast of State and Federal Court Authority to Grant Habeas Relief, 38 Val. U.L.Rev. 421, 443 (2004). The Supreme Court concluded, “It is thus abundantly clear that the Teague rule of nonretroactivity ... was intended to limit the authority of federal courts to overturn state convictions—not to limit a state court's authority to grant relief for violations of new rules of constitutional law when reviewing its own State's convictions.” 552 U.S. at 280–81, 128 S.Ct. 1029.

Missouri's Linkletter–Stovall retroactivity analysis requires a court to determine retroactivity by considering: “(1) the purpose to be served by the new rule, (2) the extent of reliance by law enforcement on the old rule, and (3) the effect on the administration of justice of retroactive application of the new standards.” Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 268. Whitfield held that consideration of the three Linkletter–Stovall factors required retroactive application of the Sixth Amendment right to have a jury rather than a judge determine the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty. In so doing, Whitfield noted that “the purpose to be served by the rule set out in Ring is to ensure a jury of defendant's peers finds each of the factual elements necessary to his conviction and sentence of death.” Id.

Whitfield also noted that the extent of reliance by law enforcement on the old rule was small and the effect on the administration of justice of applying the new rule would be minimal, as the number of affected cases would be small, because “in Missouri juries have always made the decision whether to impose the death penalty except in those few cases in which the jury was unable to reach a verdict.” Id. Whitfield itself identified five such cases in addition to Whitfield but recognized that a small number of other similar cases might later be identified and that the retroactivity analysis necessarily also would be applied to them. Id. at 269.

In the ensuing years, a number of additional cases, some pending and some no longer pending or on collateral review, have been identified in which a judge rather than a jury found the facts necessary to impose punishment. The Apprendi–Ring–Blakely analysis has been applied to each of them, as required by Whitfield. As this Court described the principle in applying Whitfield in State ex rel. Baker v. Kendrick, 136 S.W.3d 491 (Mo. banc 2004), which was pending at the time that Whitfield was decided: Because this case was tried after the United States Supreme Court decided Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), the principles set out in Ring must be applied to it. As stated in Whitfield, this means that, where, as here, the jury was unable to agree on punishment and the record fails to show that the jury found all facts necessary to impose a sentence of death, the trial court's only authority was to enter a sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of probation or parole. Id. at 491.FN6

FN6. Accord, State ex rel. Mayes v. Wiggins, 150 S.W.3d 290, 291–92 (Mo. banc 2004) (again ordering judge in pending case in which jury deadlocked that Whitfield required imposition of life sentence); State v. Thompson, 134 S.W.3d 32, 33 (Mo. banc 2004) (mandate recalled and court ordered to impose sentence of life imprisonment after jury deadlocked, in light of Ring and Whitfield ). In addition to these cases, Whitfield has been applied to order a judge to impose a life sentence in cases no longer pending or on review in State v. Buchanan, 115 S.W.3d 841, 842 (Mo. banc 2003) (stating defendant “correctly claims that a jury rather than a judge is required to determine each fact on which the legislature conditioned an increase in the maximum punishment”), State ex rel. Lyons v. Lombardi, 303 S.W.3d 523, 525 n. 2 (Mo. banc 2010) (noting that death sentence for Lyons had been set aside in August 2007 because “the jury failed to set out findings necessary to impose death”), as well as in Ervin v. Purkett, 2007 WL 2782332, at *7 (E.D.Mo. Sept. 21, 2007); Richardson v. State, No. 76059, Order Recalling Mandate and Setting Aside Death Sentence (Oct. 29, 2003); Morrow v. State, No. 79112, Order Recalling Mandate and Setting Aside Death Sentence (Oct. 29, 2003); Smith v. State, No. 77337, Order Recalling Mandate and Vacating Death Sentence (Oct. 28, 2003).

Mr. Taylor correctly notes that he presents yet another of these cases in which a judge rather than a jury determined the facts necessary to impose a death sentence and that he too is entitled under Apprendi–Ring–Blakely–Whitfield to have his death sentence set aside. He argues that, having determined in Whitfield that the right to have a jury determine the facts necessary to punishment applies retroactively, the state cannot pick and choose to which defendants or in which fact situations that right will be retroactively applied without violating equal protection principles.

I agree. Indeed, the state concedes in its brief that “[t]here is no dispute that Ring ... applies retroactively to Missouri cases under State v. Whitfield ...”. The reason for this concession is evident. While in his case a jury deadlock was not the reason that a judge imposed punishment, Ring and its progeny were not based on jury deadlock. In fact, Ring itself did not involve a jury deadlock. Rather, it involved a jury verdict of guilt, but the judge then found additional facts that justified an increase in punishment over that which would have been authorized by the charge submitted to the jury. It was this additional fact-finding that Ring found improper. 536 U.S. at 592–93, 122 S.Ct. 2428. Likewise, neither Apprendi nor Blakely involved a deadlocked jury—the defendants in both of those cases first pleaded guilty and thereafter sentences were imposed based on judge-found facts. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 470–71, 120 S.Ct. 2348; Blakely, 542 U.S. at 300–01, 124 S.Ct. 2531.

Therefore, it is settled that the Sixth Amendment right is to have a jury determine the facts necessary to impose punishment, whatever the context in which that right was denied. In Whitfield and the other Missouri cases that the courts have considered to date, that context was a jury deadlock resulting in judge sentencing.FN7 Whitfield held that it would not deviate from Missouri's traditional Linkletter–Stovall test for retroactivity and that under that test the Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine the facts necessary to impose punishment applied retroactively to those whose sentence had been imposed based on facts found by a judge. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d at 268.

FN7. The parties seem to agree that there are only two other cases in which a death sentence was imposed by a judge based on facts found by the judge after a guilty plea, State v. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911 (Mo. banc 1996), and State v. Worthington, 8 S.W.3d 83 (Mo. banc 1999). Whether this remains an issue in Worthington is unclear; the federal district court's holding that Mr. Worthington's death sentence should be set aside on ineffective assistance of counsel grounds, Worthington v. Roper, 619 F.Supp.2d 661 (E.D.Mo.2009), is now on review in the Eighth Circuit. The majority argues that the above retroactivity analysis is irrelevant because the facts of this case are different, in that Mr. Taylor did not get sentenced to death after the jury was unable to agree on punishment but instead pleaded guilty without knowing he had a right to a jury trial on the facts necessary to impose death. While this factual distinction is present, it does not affect the retroactivity analysis, for in all legally relevant respects, Mr. Taylor is in the same position, in that he was denied a jury trial of the facts underlying punishment in violation of Apprendi–Ring–Blakely, just as in Whitfield and the other cases cited.

Having chosen in Whitfield to retroactively apply the right to have a jury determine the facts necessary to punishment, this Court must do so uniformly to all similarly situated persons: It is the general doctrine that the law, relative to those who may be charged and convicted of crime, as well as the punishment to be inflicted therefore, shall operate equally upon every citizen or inhabitant of this state.” State v. O'Malley, 342 Mo. 641, 117 S.W.2d 319, 325 (1938). O'Malley held it unconstitutional to allow ballot records to be preserved and used against those committing fraud in cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants for a longer period than against those committing fraud in smaller communities, stating: Every one has a right to demand that he be governed by general rules, and a special statute which, without his consent, singles his case out as one to be regulated by a different law from that which is applied in all similar cases, would not be legitimate legislation, but would be such an arbitrary mandate as is not within the province of free governments. Id.

Similarly, in State v. Baker, 524 S.W.2d 122 (Mo. banc 1975), this Court held that a statute that mandated consecutive sentences for defendants convicted of two crimes, but did so only if they had not yet been sentenced for either crime, violated equal protection because the chronological order in which they were sentenced was immaterial to the reasons why a consecutive sentence might be appropriate. For this reason, for equal protection purposes, they were similarly situated and must be similarly treated, for “Equal protection does not require that all persons be dealt with identically, but it does require that a distinction made have some relevance to the purpose for which the classification is made.” Id. at 129. As noted in Smith v. State, 680 S.W.2d 412, 413 (Mo.App.1984), citing State v. Brown, 554 S.W.2d 574 (Mo.App.1977), “[s]ubsequent cases applied Baker retroactively and required that all defendants sentenced under its guidelines must be resentenced.” See also State v. Davis, 765 S.W.2d 603, 605–06 (Mo. banc 1989) (equal protection requires equal treatment of those similarly situated and discrimination based “upon a ground wholly irrelevant to the achievement of the legislative objective” violates equal protection principles).

To allow defendants who plead guilty, such as Mr. Taylor, to be singled out and deprived of the right to jury determination of the facts on which punishment is based runs afoul of this basic principle of equal treatment. As the Ninth Circuit has stated the point in holding that the California Supreme Court would violate the equal protection clause if it gave one class of persons but not another the benefit of retroactive application of its rule providing defendants a right to an impartial jury: The equal protection clause prohibits a state from affording one person (other than the litigant whose case is the vehicle for the promulgation of a new rule) the retroactive benefit of a ruling on a state constitution's right to an impartial jury while denying it to another. Myers v. Ylst, 897 F.2d 417, 421 (9th Cir.1990).

Similarly in LaRue v. McCarthy, 833 F.2d 140 (9th Cir.1987), the Ninth Circuit held that California could not pick and chose those to whom it would retroactively apply a rule that prohibited basing felony murder charges on child abuse. Rather, the state must apply its rule retroactively in all cases or in none because “once a state has established a rule it must be applied evenhandedly.” Id. at 142, citing, Johnson v. Arizona, 462 F.2d 1352, 1354 (9th Cir.1972). Johnson had held that Arizona could not apply a decision striking down determinant sentences retroactively in some cases but not all without violating equal protection principles. Id. at 1354. Other courts are in accord. Hill v. Roberts, 793 F.Supp. 1044 (D.Ks.1992), stated that a state is free to choose whether to apply many constitutional rules retroactively. But, it said: The equal protection clause clearly prohibits a state from affording one person the retroactive benefit of a ruling and denying it to another who is similarly situated. Id. at 1046. To the contrary, “once a state establishes a new rule, it must be applied evenhandedly.” Id. Hill found that the state had applied its new rule only to pending cases and, therefore, had not violated the equal protection clause.

Here, unlike in Hill, this Court has applied its new rule retroactively to cases that were not pending at the time of the new rule. It cannot now choose not to apply it retroactively to some but not other cases in which that Sixth Amendment right was violated. While the particular reasons that Mr. Taylor and Mr. Whitfield were denied jury sentencing—a guilty plea as opposed to a hung jury—may be different, they are similarly situated insofar as the Sixth Amendment right to a jury determination of the facts on which punishment is based is concerned. Apprendi, Ring, Blakely and Whitfield all involved very different fact situations, but all reached the same result because, in the only relevant respect, all were identical—in each the defendant was denied a jury determination of the facts necessary for punishment. Ring states that allowing a judge rather than a jury to find the facts necessary to impose death violates a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to jury trial. Blakely says that this principle extends to situations in which a defendant has pleaded guilty. Even in the case of a plea agreement, therefore, the state cannot violate the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to jury trial on all facts necessary to impose a sentence.

Here, Mr. Taylor did not receive a jury trial on punishment, although he had a right to a jury determination of the facts necessary to impose the death penalty. As this Court noted on the prior appeal of this case in discussing the statutory right to jury trial, where “a defendant previously had a right to have a jury impose sentence, section 565.035.5(3) does allow ‘a new jury’ to be selected for purposes of imposing sentence.” Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 219. Mr. Taylor was denied this right here.

C. Mr. Taylor Did Not Waive A Right to Have a Jury Determine the Facts Necessary to Punishment By Pleading Guilty

The State does not disagree that Ring and Whitfield would apply retroactively here if Mr. Taylor had asked for but been denied a jury trial on the facts necessary to impose punishment. It instead bases its position that Mr. Taylor's death sentence should not be set aside on the assertion that Mr. Taylor waived any statutory right to jury sentencing by pleading guilty in 1991 and that in doing so he should be held also to have waived any constitutional right to jury sentencing. For this reason, the majority quotes at length from the guilty plea hearing transcript to show Mr. Taylor knew that by pleading guilty he would not receive a jury trial on the facts necessary to impose punishment. That issue is not in doubt; however, it simply is not the relevant question. I agree with the State that a defendant may choose to make a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of his constitutional right to a jury determination of the facts necessary to impose a sentence, just as a defendant may choose to make a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of his right to a jury trial on guilt. This legal issue is not controverted by any party, nor could it be. Further, nothing has been cited that requires a trial court to accept a guilty plea; therefore, there is nothing that appears to prohibit a court from refusing to accept such a plea from a defendant who has demanded jury sentencing.

But, in Mr. Taylor's case, a jury trial on punishment was not denied based on an affirmative knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of Mr. Taylor's Sixth Amendment right to jury fact-finding. Neither did the trial court refuse to accept Mr. Taylor's guilty plea because Mr. Taylor wanted a jury trial on the facts on which punishment would be based. To the contrary, Mr. Taylor was denied a jury trial solely based on the fact that section 565.006.2 barred him from being allowed a jury trial on punishment because he pleaded guilty. Mr. Taylor agrees that he acknowledged his awareness that this was the effect of section 565.006.2 and, so, that by pleading guilty he knew he would try the punishment phase before a judge, not a jury. His counsel also knew this was the effect of his plea.

But, Mr. Taylor says, he did not agree to legally waive any such right, for there was no statutory right under section 565.006.2 for him to waive. And, even were there such a right, he did not and could not have waived his constitutional right to a jury determination of the facts necessary to impose the sentence. This is because, contrary to the state's unsupported opposing argument, and as Taylor itself expressly recognized, no such Sixth Amendment right had been recognized at the time of his plea. 929 S.W.2d at 219. As Taylor noted in regard to the statutory right to a jury trial, Mr. Taylor could not waive a right he did not have. Id. Moreover, the transcript of the post-conviction motion hearing makes it clear that his counsel did not inform him that he could have a jury trial of punishment if he pleaded guilty, for they did not believe this legally was allowed.

After this Court's ruling in Taylor, the United States Supreme Court held that defendants do have an independent, Sixth Amendment right to jury fact-finding as to any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the maximum a judge may impose based solely on the facts admitted by the defendant in his guilty plea. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 304, 124 S.Ct. 2531. But, the concept set out in Taylor that one cannot waive a right that does not exist or has not been recognized is consistent with the United States Supreme Court's approach to the concept of waiver in other cases in which it has been alleged that a defendant had waived a constitutional right by pleading guilty.

Waiver is “an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.” Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938) (emphasis added). A waiver of a constitutional right must be made “knowingly and intelligently.” Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). Courts are to “indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver.” Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019. “The law ordinarily considers a waiver knowing, intelligent and sufficiently aware if the defendant understands the nature of the right and how it would apply in general in the circumstances ...”. Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 91, 124 S.Ct. 1379, 158 L.Ed.2d 209 (2004).

The State says that by acknowledging he would not receive a jury trial on punishment if he pleaded guilty, he waived the as yet unknown constitutional right to have a jury determine the facts necessary to punishment as well, even though he was not aware of its existence. But, the State cites no law saying that one can knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily relinquish a right that has not yet been established. Two United States Supreme Court cases are directly on point, however, and state that such a waiver is not permissible. Smith v. Yeager, 393 U.S. 122, 89 S.Ct. 277, 21 L.Ed.2d 246 (1968), involving a state prisoner's right to an evidentiary hearing on a petition for federal habeas corpus, rejects a very similar argument. At the time the petitioner first sought federal habeas corpus in 1961, Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 73 S.Ct. 397, 97 L.Ed. 469 (1953), was the controlling law. Under it, the district court believed that the petitioner had no entitlement to an evidentiary hearing on the federal habeas petition. Petitioner's counsel agreed, stating that they did not need one anyway. After the decision in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963), expanded the right of habeas petitioners to an evidentiary hearing, the petitioner again sought habeas relief. The federal court of appeals held that his attorney had waived petitioner's right to an evidentiary hearing in the 1961 proceeding. The Supreme Court reversed, stating that the fact that counsel said he was not sure whether there was a right to such a hearing but that he relinquished it did not constitute a waiver, for:

Whatever counsel's reasons for this obscure gesture of noblesse oblige , we cannot now ... presume that he intentionally relinquished a known right or privilege, Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461), when the right or privilege was of doubtful existence at the time of the supposed waiver. Yeager, 393 U.S. at 125, 89 S.Ct. 277 (emphasis added). The majority's attempt to distinguish Yeager on the basis that here it was definitely known that there was no statutory right confuses the very point at issue here—that everyone believed there was no parallel constitutional right, indeed Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 649, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990), specifically had so held, and therefore that right could not have been waived even if the statutory right was waived.

This is the very concept underlying the Supreme Court's recent reaffirmation of the principle that one cannot waive a future right not yet recognized in Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 125 S.Ct. 2582, 162 L.Ed.2d 552 (2005). Halbert noted that the governing Michigan law provided that an accused who pleaded guilty or nolo contendere could appeal by leave of the court only and that, in most circumstances, counsel would not be provided to assist indigents in applying for leave to appeal. The petitioner pleaded nolo contendere and was denied appointment of counsel to assist him in applying for leave to appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals. Id. at 614, 125 S.Ct. 2582. Halbert rejected Michigan's argument that it was not required to provide counsel for indigents who were seeking leave to appeal, holding that the due process and equal protection clauses require the appointment of counsel for defendants, convicted on their pleas, who seek access to first-tier discretionary appellate review.

The state of Michigan alternatively contended that even if there were a constitutional right to have counsel appointed to represent defendant when he sought leave to appeal, the petitioner in Halbert necessarily waived that right because he knew that a Michigan statute provided that a defendant who pleads guilty or nolo contendere will not receive the assistance of counsel in applying for discretionary appeal. Michigan Comp. Laws Ann. § 770.3a (West 2000). Therefore, by pleading nolo contendere, he had to know that the statute would deny him a right to court-appointed counsel. Halbert, 545 U.S. at 623, 125 S.Ct. 2582. The Halbert majority rejected Michigan's argument. The court held that Mr. Halbert could not have waived his constitutional right to appeal because, “[a]t the time he entered his plea, Halbert, in common with other defendants convicted on their pleas, had no recognized right to appointed appellate counsel he could elect to forgo.” Id. (six-person majority, including Justice Kennedy).

In so holding, Halbert rejected the argument by Justice Thomas in dissent that assuming Mr. Halbert did have a statutory right to counsel on appeal, he waived it when he decided to plead guilty with knowledge that the consequence likely would be that he would not get counsel on appeal. Id. at 637–43, 125 S.Ct. 2582 (Thomas, J., dissenting). Moreover, as even Justice Thomas recognized, “Whether Michigan law provides for such counsel says nothing about whether a defendant possesses (and hence can waive) a federal constitutional right to that effect. That Michigan, as a matter of state law, prohibited Halbert from receiving appointed appellate counsel if he pleaded guilty or no contest, is irrelevant to whether Halbert had (and could waive) an independent federal constitutional right to such counsel.” Id. at 640, 125 S.Ct. 2582.

The parallel to Mr. Taylor's case is remarkable. When Mr. Taylor entered his plea, there was no recognized Sixth Amendment right to have a jury make the factual findings on which a death sentence was based. Indeed the question was not even unsettled in 1991; in the death penalty context, the holding of Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 649, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990)—that the Sixth Amendment did not require a jury to find the aggravating circumstances necessary to impose death—had established that no such right existed.

Just as in Yeager and Halbert, Mr. Taylor could not have waived his right to jury fact-finding for (borrowing from the language used in Halbert ) “at the time he entered his plea, [Taylor], in common with other defendants convicted on their pleas, had no recognized right to [a jury determination of the facts relating to punishment] he could elect to forego.” Halbert, 545 U.S. at 623, 125 S.Ct. 2582. While as the majority opinion notes, Mr. Halbert also was not informed that he definitely would be denied counsel on appeal, review of Halbert leaves no doubt that this was not the paramount basis of the Supreme Court's decision, which turned on whether one can waive a right one does not have, not lack of knowledge of the consequences, as the Halbert dissent makes clear. Id. at 612–14, 623, 125 S.Ct. 2582.

Colorado faced a very similar issue in People v. Montour, 157 P.3d 489 (Colo.2007). There, defendant pleaded guilty to first-degree murder. In Colorado, as in Missouri, a capital defendant who pleads guilty is denied the right to a jury trial on punishment. 18–1.3–1201(1)(a) C.R.S.2006. Accordingly, the punishment phase trial was held before the judge, who imposed the death penalty. The Colorado Supreme Court reversed, stating, “While a defendant may waive the right to a jury trial on sentencing facts, this waiver must be knowing, voluntary and intelligent.” 157 P.3d at 492. The court found that to the extent that the Colorado statute prohibited a jury trial on punishment solely based on a defendant's decision to plead guilty, it therefore violated the Sixth Amendment because the statute “fails to effect a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver, as the waiver is automatic when a defendant pleads guilty.” Id. In other words, the statute could not constitutionally link the waiver of a jury trial on punishment to the waiver of a jury trial on guilt because that would make such a waiver automatic. While a defendant may waive jury fact-finding during the punishment phase, Blakely requires that waiver to be knowingly, intelligently and separately waived. Id.

The only relevant case cited by the state to the contrary is State v. Piper, 709 N.W.2d 783, 806–809 (S.D.2006).FN8 In that case, the South Dakota Supreme Court interpreted its death penalty procedure statute as providing for a sentencing hearing at which a jury determines the presence or absence of alleged aggravating factors when a defendant pleads guilty. Piper, 709 N.W.2d at 804. Piper noted that before finding the aggravating factors necessary to impose death, “the [trial] court properly presented Piper with the option of exercising his right to sentencing by a jury as provided by South Dakota's capital punishment statutory scheme.” Id. at 806. The majority in Piper held that although the Ring right to a jury finding of aggravating factors had not yet been established at the time of the defendant's sentencing hearing, the defendant had “ specifically asked to be sentenced by the circuit court, thereby waiving his constitutional right to have a jury determine whether the alleged aggravating circumstances in his case existed beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Piper, then, is distinguishable from this case because Mr. Taylor never specifically requested that a judge be the fact-finder at his punishment trial; indeed, when his sentencing phase was held after remand in 1994, Mr. Taylor specifically asked for a jury, not a judge. Moreover, at no point did the trial court present Mr. Taylor with the option to have a jury. Instead, by operation of section 565.006.2, the fact-finders at both of Mr. Taylor's penalty phase trials were judges.

FN8. As the State notes, other state supreme courts did distinguish the principle that under Ring it is a Sixth Amendment violation to deny a jury trial of punishment, noting that the defendant in Ring went to trial while the defendants in their cases pleaded guilty. But, the State neglects to note that three of these cases— Colwell v. State, 118 Nev. 807, 59 P.3d 463 (2002); Leone v. Indiana, 797 N.E.2d 743 (Ind.2003); Illinois v. Alton, 338 Ill.App.3d 355, 272 Ill.Dec. 751, 788 N.E.2d 55, 61 (2003)—were decided prior to, and are at odds with, Blakely, in which the United States Supreme Court explicitly held that, to the contrary, there is a constitutional right to jury fact-finding and that Ring applies even when a defendant pleads guilty. The fourth case cited by the State, South Carolina v. Downs, 361 S.C. 141, 604 S.E.2d 377, 380 (2004), simply relied on the other cases cited and, even though handed down a few months after Blakely, does not cite to or distinguish it.

Much more persuasive and relevant is the dissenting opinion in Piper, which adopted the approach taken by this Court in Taylor, stating, “the waiver of a substantive right presupposes the existence of the right in the first place. The language of the statute expressly limits the fact-finding role to the judge in non-jury cases ... the judges ... had no authority to offer jury sentencing.” 709 N.W.2d at 821. The dissenting judge concluded that in light of the Supreme Court's holding that there is a constitutional right to jury fact-finding, because the required factual findings were not admitted by the defendant or found by a jury, the death sentence imposed by the judge was in violation of defendant's Sixth Amendment rights. Id. at 822. The principles set out in Yeager, Halbert and Montour are directly applicable here. Mr. Taylor could not waive a right to punishment-phase jury fact-finding that he did not have. The waiver argument made by the State and accepted by the majority is without merit.

D. Law of the Case Is an Alternative Bar to the State's Waiver Argument

Even were Halbert not a bar to holding that Mr. Taylor could waive an as yet unrecognized constitutional right to a jury determination of the facts necessary to punishment, the law of the case doctrine bars the state from making such an argument as to Mr. Taylor. This Court already has held that Mr. Taylor did not waive any such right, for he had no right to waive, based on either a statute or the constitution. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 217, 218–219. This Court also has held that where, as here, it is shown that the defendant did have a right to a jury trial prior to reversal and remand for re-sentencing, then “section 565.035.5(3) does allow ‘a new jury’ to be selected for purposes of imposing sentence.” Id. at 219.

The majority implicitly argues that law of the case does not apply here because the holding in Mr. Taylor's first appeal was made in the context of rejecting Mr. Taylor's argument that his rights were violated when he was not told that he could have jury sentencing if the state agreed to it. But, that is the point, of course. To reject Mr. Taylor's argument, this Court held that Mr. Taylor never had a right to jury sentencing under Missouri statutes in the first place and, therefore, he had no right he could waive. Now that Mr. Taylor embraces this holding, the majority would have this Court takes the opposite view, stating that he could and did waive his right to jury trial. But, the legal point is the same—there was no right, so there was no waiver. The courts cannot alternate between recognizing and not recognizing such a right depending on the issue before it and the consequences of such recognition. There cannot be “no right to waive” when addressing whether counsel failed to inform him of his rights but then “a right to waive” when the question changes to did he chose to waive unrecognized rights. The majority certainly cites no authority to support its conclusion that there is no inconsistency in its holding simply because it was made in response to a different factual question, when the basis of decision—whether factually there was a waiver—is the same.

Under Missouri authority, the holding that Mr. Taylor did not waive a jury determination of punishment is law of the case. The law of the case doctrine is a neutral principle that can inure to the benefit of either the defendant or the State. Compare State v. Graham, 13 S.W.3d 290, 293 (Mo. banc 2000); Ex Parte Calvin, 689 S.W.2d 460, 462–63 (Tex.Crim.App.1985) (both applying law of the case principles to defendant's benefit); with Smulls v. State, 71 S.W.3d 138, 144 (Mo. banc 2002); State v. Deck, 303 S.W.3d 527, 545 (Mo. banc 2010) (both applying law of the case principles to state's benefit).

Of course, there are exceptions to the law of the case doctrine. Appellate courts will not apply the law of the case doctrine if “the first decision was based on a mistaken fact or resulted in manifest injustice or where a change in the law intervened between the appeals.” Deck, 303 S.W.3d at 545, citing Walton v. City of Berkeley, 223 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Mo. banc 2007); accord, Cross v. State, 37 S.W.3d 256, 259 (Mo.App.2000) (refusing to apply law of case to preclude defendant from raising issue where law changed between first and second appeals). Similarly, a court will not apply the law of the case doctrine if it is “determine[d] that a new rule with retroactive effect contradicts the law of the case.” Bejarano v. State, 122 Nev. 1066, 146 P.3d 265, 271 (2006); accord, Tippins v. State, 780 So.2d 147, 148 (Fl.App.2001) (court would not apply law of the case because law had changed and sentence was in excess of that allowed by law, making exception for manifest injustice applicable).

In Mr. Taylor's case, however, as noted, these exceptions work in his favor. The only change in the law has been to his benefit—the United States Supreme Court has recognized he had a Sixth Amendment right to jury fact-finding on the issue of punishment, not just on guilt, and Whitfield has recognized that this right applies retroactively in Missouri. For these reasons, the State is precluded from claiming that Taylor waived the right to jury sentencing at his guilty plea hearing. Under the doctrine of the law of the case, the issue has already been decided; there was no waiver.

E. Mr. Taylor Did not Affirmatively Waive Jury Determination of Sentencing as a Factual Matter.

For all of the above reasons, Mr. Taylor could not legally be held to have waived a constitutional right to jury trial that was not yet recognized, and even could he do so, this Court's prior holding that there was no such waiver is law of the case. Even were it correct to review Mr. Taylor's prior statements to see whether he affirmatively stated he knowingly waived a right to jury trial of the facts necessary to punishment, he did not do so. The guilty plea hearing transcript shows without question that he wanted to plead guilty and that he knew that by doing so he would not have a right to a jury trial on punishment. It uses the word “waiver” only once, and only in the context of acknowledging that because he wanted to plead guilty, he knew he therefore would not be getting a jury trial. Of course, at that time, as discussed, he had no constitutional right to a jury trial on punishment once he pleaded guilty, so this was just a statement of fact. He never said that he independently desired that a jury not be permitted to determine the facts necessary to punishment.

The state and the majority try to fill this gap by citing to testimony made by Mr. Taylor in his first post-conviction hearing, discussed in detail above. Of course, the relevant question is not what Mr. Taylor retroactively might have said he previously thought or would have thought had he been offered a right to a jury trial on punishment, but whether he in fact was offered one and waived it at the time of his guilty plea. He was not and did not. Even more basically, assuming Mr. Taylor's statements in his post-conviction proceeding about his statutory right to jury trial were the relevant issue, the transcript does not contain the admissions claimed by the State as to waiver. In context, Mr. Taylor clearly states that he wanted to plead guilty because he already had confessed and believed that a trial on guilt made little sense in light of his confession. When the prosecutor asked, “So let me ask you, why is it that you avoided a jury in your decision that you made when you decided to plead in front of Judge Randall? What was it that you were afraid of in front of a jury,” the exchange proceeded as follows:

A. It wasn't that I was afraid, it just didn't—I preferred not to go to a jury trial. Q. Did you have any doubt in your mind that a jury would sentence you to death? A. Did I have any doubt? I didn't know. Q. You didn't have an opinion, is what you're telling us under oath, as to what a jury would do? A. I can't answer that because I'm not the jury. I mean, I would hope that they would understand me accepting—my willingness to admit that I committed this crime and have mercy. .... Q. Okay. And your testimony before this Judge is that you don't recall any discussions with your attorneys about the likelihood of receiving death in front of a jury? A. No. Q. You don't recall and you're telling us under oath in front of this Judge that you don't recall any real discussions about the death penalty likelihood at all? A. We discussed the issues concerning the First Degree Murder charge of life without parole and possibility of the death penalty. But as far as discussing what I probably would get going to a jury, we really didn't discuss that. Q. Why did you decide to plead in front of a Judge? Why did you want to plead in front of Judge Meyers? A. Because of my videotaped statement. Q. Did you think that the Judge would be more or less likely to give a death penalty than a jury? A. I really don't know. Q. ... You had no discussions, no opinion as to the relative benefits between a Judge or jury for punishment, is that what you're telling us? A. Yes.

Mr. Taylor does not say he pleaded guilty to waive a jury determination of punishment, as the state contends was the case. Rather, he said that he did not initially want to go to trial before a jury because he had confessed so there was no point to a trial of his guilt and that his counsel did not discuss with him whether a judge or jury would provide him with a better chance for avoiding the death penalty—such a discussion would have been pointless, of course, as he had no opportunity to have a jury trial of punishment once he decided to plead guilty. He did not know which trier of fact would have given him a better chance at avoiding death sentence; that question did not come up and was not an issue his counsel discussed with him because a jury trial of punishment was not an option once he decided to plead guilty.

Counsel confirmed that they did not discuss with Mr. Taylor whether it would be better to have a judge or jury decide the sentence he should receive once he pleaded guilty. Certainly they believed and advised him that he should plead guilty, but it was because, as Mr. McClain testified, he “believed that the videotaped confession would be very damaging at a guilt phase proceeding” and, thus, a trial of the guilt issues before a jury might look like Mr. Taylor was trying to back out of his admissions, which likely would inflame the fact-finder. Mr. McClain testified that he “was concerned with how bad the confession would look to a jury of twelve and how bad it would look that [they] were contesting his guilt when he had made that confession.” Mr. McClain was not aware whether a defendant could go to trial before a jury but then confess guilt, he had never heard of such a possibility and did not consider it or discuss it with Mr. Taylor. Mr. McClain testified that his “memory was the choice was between the jury and pleading guilty and having the Judge sentence.”

Had she thought there was a choice of whether to try punishment to a judge or jury, Ms. Delk testified that she was not sure what she would have recommended, for she saw benefits and detriments to each approach. A judge might better understand Mr. Taylor's criminal history, but according to Ms. Delk factors that may have made a jury favorable were “the remorse that [Mr. Taylor] felt” as well as “the family situation, the family support, that type of mitigation I think would also go well to a jury.” Because Missouri law did not permit a jury trial of punishment where defendant pleaded guilty, however, once Mr. Taylor took counsel's advice to plead guilty, Ms. Delk testified that she did not discuss with him these factors tending toward jury sentencing after a plea. Ms. Delk admitted that in this regard she failed in her duty to inform him of all his options. Far from providing evidence of waiver, the testimony from the original PCR hearing confirms that Mr. Taylor did not waive the right to have a jury determination of the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set out above, Mr. Taylor's death sentence is in excess of that authorized by law in that it was imposed in violation of the Sixth Amendment as it was based upon facts found by a judge, not a jury. I agree with the majority that this right can be knowingly and intelligently waived, but because there was no valid waiver in this case, I believe that Mr. Taylor is entitled to habeas relief and that the death sentence imposed should be vacated.

Taylor v. Bowersox, 329 F.3d 963 (8th Cir. Mo. 2003). (Federal Habeas)

After petitioner's state court convictions for first-degree murder, armed criminal action, kidnapping, and rape, and his death sentence for the murder conviction, were affirmed on direct appeal, and his applications for state post-conviction relief were denied, 929 S.W.2d 209, petitioner filed for writ of habeas corpus. The United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., J., denied petition. Petitioner appealed. The Court of Appeals, Beam, Circuit Judge, held that: (1) petitioner was not entitled to withdraw guilty plea on grounds that judge who accepted guilty plea did not impose sentence; (2) sentencing by different judge than accepted guilty plea did not violate due process; (3) state supreme court did not affirm by implication the lower court's denial of petitioner's claim in his state post-conviction application that his plea counsel was ineffective; (4) state prosecutor did not stipulate that state would waive all of its procedural claims arising from prior state adjudications; (5) petitioner failed to exhaust ineffective assistance claim in state court; and (6) defense counsel was not ineffective. Affirmed.

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

Michael Anthony Taylor (“Taylor”) appeals the district court's FN2 denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus. We affirm the result reached by the district court. FN2. The Honorable Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western District of Missouri.

I. BACKGROUND

Taylor and Roderick Nunley kidnapped, raped, and killed fifteen-year-old Ann Harrison on March 22, 1989. The details of this horrific crime are discussed in State v. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d 209 (Mo.1996). As a result of these actions, Taylor pled guilty to first-degree murder, armed criminal action, kidnapping and rape on February 8, 1991, in front of Judge Alvin Randall. There was no plea bargain or agreement by the prosecutor not to recommend the death penalty. Following a sentencing hearing, Judge Randall sentenced Taylor to death for murder, life imprisonment for rape, fifteen years for kidnapping and ten years for armed criminal action.

Taylor brought his first post-conviction relief action (“PCR”) under Missouri Supreme Court Rule 24.035, challenging his guilty plea and sentence, alleging, in relevant part, that Judge Randall had been drinking prior to the sentencing proceeding and that his plea was involuntary because his plea counsel had been ineffective. All of the judges in the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit were recused and the Missouri Supreme Court appointed Special Judge Robert Dierker, Jr. Judge Dierker held an evidentiary hearing and denied Taylor's PCR motion, including, specifically, Taylor's ineffective assistance of plea counsel claims. Taylor appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court, FN3 which vacated the judgment and remanded the case for a new penalty hearing without saying more.FN4 Taylor filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea because he was no longer going to be sentenced by Judge Randall.FN5 His motion was denied. Judge H. Michael Coburn conducted the second sentencing procedure, which lasted five days, and Taylor again received a sentence of death.FN6

FN3. Missouri's appellate procedure allows for the direct appeal from a conviction to be stayed pending the resolution of a post-conviction motion. Then, the direct and post-conviction appeals are heard together. Missouri Supreme Court Rules 24.035 (guilty pleas) and 29.15 (trials); John M. Morris, Postconviction Practice Under the “New 27.26,” 43 J. Mo. B. 435, 438–39 (Oct./Nov.1987). One attorney represents the defendant in the consolidated appeal. As of January 1, 1996, Missouri “no longer follows the consolidated post-conviction/direct appeal procedure,” State v. Griddine, 75 S.W.3d 741, 743 n. 2 (Mo.Ct.App.2002), but Taylor's sentences were pronounced by Judge Randall in 1991 and by Judge H. Michael Coburn in 1994, thus the consolidated post-conviction/direct appeal procedure was still in effect. FN4. The Missouri Supreme Court's order simply said, “Judgment vacated. Cause remanded for new penalty hearing, imposition of sentence, and entry of new judgment.” Missouri v. Taylor, No. 74220, Order (Mo. June 29, 1993). FN5. Taylor and his plea counsel claim that one of the reasons they decided to have Taylor plead guilty was because the case was being heard by Judge Randall and they believed that Judge Randall was one of the few Missouri judges who might be lenient in sentencing Taylor. FN6. Judge Coburn also sentenced Taylor to fifty years for armed criminal action, fifteen years for kidnapping and life imprisonment for rape.

Taylor then filed a second pro se PCR motion,FN7 challenging his guilty plea, his second sentencing proceeding, and his sentence of death.FN8 Judge Edith Messina held an evidentiary hearing at which Taylor presented evidence on the issue of ineffective assistance of sentencing counsel for failing to investigate and present sufficient mitigating evidence. Taylor was not allowed to argue ineffective assistance of plea counsel in the second PCR motion because Judge Messina ruled that this issue had been raised and decided in Taylor's first PCR motion. Judge Messina denied Taylor's second PCR motion. Taylor appealed his conviction, his sentence, and the denial of his second PCR motion to the Supreme Court of Missouri, which affirmed.FN9 Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 225. The United States Supreme Court denied discretionary review. Taylor v. Missouri, 519 U.S. 1152, 117 S.Ct. 1088, 137 L.Ed.2d 222 (1997).

FN7. The court subsequently appointed counsel for the second PCR motion. FN8. This motion included the claim that plea counsel was ineffective. FN9. As mentioned earlier, this appeal was a consolidated direct and PCR appeal, pursuant to Missouri appellate procedure.

Taylor then filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus and the district court denied the petition. Taylor moved to alter or amend judgment, which was also denied. Taylor filed a notice of appeal and an amended notice of appeal in this court. We issued a certificate of appealability on two issues: (1) whether the denial of Taylor's motion to withdraw his guilty plea because the plea judge and sentencing judge were not the same person violates his federal constitutional due process rights; and (2) whether the district court erred in ruling that Taylor's ineffective assistance of plea counsel claim was procedurally defaulted.

II. DISCUSSION

Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), we apply a deferential standard of review to state court resolutions of law and fact only if the state court adjudicated the prisoner's claim on its merits. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Kenley v. Bowersox, 275 F.3d 709, 711 (8th Cir.2002). Here, the state court did not adjudicate Taylor's claims on their merits and, therefore, section 2254(d) does not apply. See Haley v. Cockrell, 306 F.3d 257, 263 (5th Cir.2002). We review the district court's findings of fact for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. Id.

A.

Taylor argues that he was denied due process when he was not allowed to rescind his guilty plea before the second sentencing hearing. Generally, when a defendant pleads to a charge in reliance on a promise or agreement by the prosecutor, that promise must be fulfilled or else the defendant may withdraw his plea. Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). Some courts have even found an implied promise in plea agreements that the judge accepting the plea will be the sentencing judge. People v. Arbuckle, 22 Cal.3d 749, 150 Cal.Rptr. 778, 587 P.2d 220, 224–25 (1978); People v. DeJesus, 110 Cal.App.3d 413, 168 Cal.Rptr. 8, 11 (1980).FN10 However, upon complete review of the record in this case, we fail to see any evidence that a promise was made by the court or by the prosecutor that Taylor would be sentenced by Judge Randall. Therefore, Taylor's reliance on Santobello, as well as on Arbuckle and its progeny, is misplaced. While it may be true that Taylor and his counsel thought it advantageous to enter a plea in front of Judge Randall, this action did not arise from an agreement of any kind. Nor was it conditioned on the availability of Judge Randall as the sentencing judge or on any promise that Taylor would be sentenced by that particular jurist. Without a bargained-for exchange, evidenced by a plea agreement or, at least, some explicit negotiation, the state need not honor, under Santobello, a defendant's unilateral expectation.

FN10. The Missouri Supreme Court has not recognized the rights found in Arbuckle, and has rejected its application to Taylor's co-defendant's set of facts. State v. Nunley, 923 S.W.2d 911, 920 (Mo.1996).

Taylor also argues that, even if the United States Constitution does not directly require Missouri to give a defendant the right to be sentenced by a particular judge, Missouri gave Taylor that right when its legislature enacted Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.030.FN11 This section says, in part, “[w]here murder in the first degree is submitted to the trier without a waiver of the death penalty, the trial shall proceed in two stages before the same trier.” Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.030.2. Taylor argues that this statute creates a “substantial and legitimate expectation” that he would be sentenced by the same judge that accepted his plea, and deviation from the statute violates a liberty interest protected by the due process clause of the United States Constitution. The Missouri Supreme Court has determined that, as a matter of Missouri law, an accused is not entitled to withdraw a guilty plea as a matter of right and that the determining factor is “whether the sentencing judge has the familiarity with the prior proceedings to make an informed ruling on sentencing.” Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 216. A state's interpretation of its own law is virtually unreviewable by a federal court. Toney v. Gammon, 79 F.3d 693, 699 (8th Cir.1996). However, we may review a state's law, whatever it may prove to be, to determine whether a state has created a “substantial and legitimate sentencing expectation” and whether any “arbitrary deprivation” of that expectation amounts to an independent federal constitutional violation. Id. (internal quotations omitted).

FN11. The state argues that Taylor did not raise this exact claim in his appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court. Nonetheless, we consider it because he did raise a federal due process claim in his appeal and he did mention section 565.030 in the same proceeding.

While the Missouri Supreme Court has stated that an accused does not have the right to the same judge at the plea and sentencing stages, the court first made that statement in Taylor's appeal, after his right was allegedly violated. Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 215–16. Therefore, we find it prudent to look to the statutory provision and to the status of Missouri case law at the time of Taylor's plea to determine if state law created a “substantial and legitimate” expectation. In State v. Tettamble, 450 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Mo.1970), the Missouri Supreme Court clearly held that a sentencing judge could replace a trial judge if the trial judge became unavailable and the sentencing judge became familiar with the proceedings. Additionally, we agree with the Missouri Supreme Court that while the statute codifies the desirability of having the same trial and sentencing judge, substitution of a new judge for sentencing does not “create manifest injustice.” Taylor, 929 S.W.2d at 216. Thus we see no substantial and legitimate expectation under the statute that rises to the level of a federally protected interest. Since Taylor has no state-created, federally-protected interest in having the same trial and sentencing judge, he must look directly to the language of the Constitution for due process relief. We agree with the district court that there is no independent federal right to be sentenced by the same judge that took a guilty plea and find no constitutional provision that guarantees such a right. Therefore, Taylor's due process claims must fail.

B.

Taylor also argues that the district court erred in ruling that he has procedurally defaulted his claim that his plea was involuntary because of ineffective assistance of counsel. In his first PCR motion, Taylor clearly raised this issue. Judge Dierker found that Taylor's plea counsel was not ineffective, but rather was thorough and professional. Taylor appealed this issue and others to the Missouri Supreme Court, which “vacated” Judge Dierker's judgment and “remanded for new penalty hearing, imposition of sentence, and entry of new judgment.” The court made no mention of the ineffective assistance allegation. After a new sentence was imposed by Judge Coburn, Taylor again raised this claim in his second PCR motion. Judge Messina acknowledged Taylor's position that effectiveness of plea counsel remained in question, but she disagreed with this contention and refused to receive evidence or hear arguments on the issue. In Judge Messina's final order, she declined to consider the claim because “[t]he Supreme Court by its order of June 29, 1993, by remanding for resentencing only, affirmed the voluntariness of the guilty plea, and thus has ruled Movant's points regarding [plea counsel's] representation against him.” Taylor v. Missouri, No. Civ. 94–19962 (Mo. Cir. Ct. June 19, 1995). This ruling and the ineffective assistance of plea counsel claim were not raised or briefed in Taylor's subsequent PCR appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court. The state also did not appeal Judge Messina's ruling.

Taylor renewed the plea counsel claim in his federal habeas corpus petition, and the federal district court, upon the urging of the state, found that the claim was either waived or already decided by the Missouri Supreme Court, and thus was procedurally defaulted. The district court went on to rule that Taylor did not show cause for this default, specifically noting, among other things, that his post-conviction counsel's failure to appeal the defaulted claims could not constitute legally sufficient cause.

Taylor now argues that his claim is not procedurally barred because he raised objections in his initial PCR motion and in his first appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court. Additionally, he argues that his claim is not procedurally barred because the state agreed not to assert procedural defenses in federal court and that Judge Messina erroneously ruled that he could not assert the claim. The state argues in response that the procedural bar is firmly in place because Taylor failed to appeal Judge Messina's erroneous determination. The state argues that its “agreement” not to raise procedural objections is not relevant and that Taylor has shown neither cause nor prejudice sufficient to overcome the procedural barrier.

The first question we address is whether the claim is procedurally defaulted at all. If Judge Messina was correct that the Missouri Supreme Court considered and rejected Taylor's plea counsel assertion, the issues of deference to and comity with the state courts, which underlie the procedural bar doctrine, have been satisfied and there would appear to be no reason that the federal habeas tribunal should not now review the claim on its merits. See Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 88–90, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977). However, the state argues, for the first time in federal court, FN12 that Judge Messina was wrong and that Taylor, but not the state, had a duty to appeal this erroneous ruling to the Missouri Supreme Court. At best, the state's arguments appear to be disingenuous. FN12. Indeed, the state argued to Judge Messina that the ineffective plea counsel claim had already been decided by the Missouri Supreme Court.

Judge Messina's ruling seems clearly wrong. We find neither precedent nor rationale for a holding that an appellate court, in vacating a lower court judgment, affirms by implication, the trial court's rulings in that judgment. This is especially true when the appellate court says not a single word about the particular claim at issue. Although we agree that there are instances when an affirmance by implication can be gleaned from an appellate court's rulings, this is not one of them. Accordingly, we turn to Taylor's contention that Missouri waived its procedural defenses. Taylor's counsel in the second penalty proceeding asked Judge Coburn to take judicial notice and to preserve for appeal all issues that had “gone before.” Judge Coburn agreed to do so. Then, counsel asked the state if it “would not object procedurally in the [Missouri] court of appeals, the Supreme Court of Missouri, or the federal courts to all of that [Judge Coburn] took judicial notice of.” Emphasis added. Thereafter, the record reads as follows: [Bowersox's Counsel]: I have no objection to the Court taking judicial notice of the prior proceedings and the transcripts which have been prepared in connection therewith. [Taylor's Counsel]: I understand, but will you stipulate on behalf of the State of Missouri that the State of Missouri will not object to any procedural issue from those proceedings? That's what I need. [Bowersox's Counsel]: The State will not object to the Court taking judicial notice and preserving all of those proceedings and transcripts for appeal.

The state now argues, of course, that this was not a waiver of its procedural defenses in federal court. Taylor has a different analysis, and, perhaps, rightly so. We can see both points of view. We think that the state should have been more forthright and definitive in its response to what appears to have been a reasonably straightforward request. Nonetheless, in the final analysis, we believe the stipulation is not specific enough to bear the weight that Taylor would have us place upon it, especially since the stipulation was made well before Judge Messina's disputed ruling on the plea counsel issue.

Thus, if Taylor's plea counsel allegation was neither decided by the Missouri Supreme Court nor the beneficiary of a waiver of procedural defenses, it is defaulted. If so, it is barred from federal habeas review unless Taylor can show cause for and prejudice from the procedural failure. Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 129, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982); Wainwright, 433 U.S. at 90–91, 97 S.Ct. 2497. Taylor initially argues that Judge Messina's error was, in itself, objective external state-sponsored cause for his failure to preserve his claim for further consideration. In the alternative, he contends that Judge Messina's adamant refusal to allow the claim to be asserted or discussed prompted his counsel to fail to raise the issue on appeal and, thus, derivatively caused the procedural failure.

We are reluctant to find that a judicial mistake of this nature creates cause sufficient to excuse a procedural default. It was, after all, an appealable ruling that Taylor ignored when he sought appellate review by the Missouri Supreme Court. Accordingly, he must look elsewhere for relief. If a procedural default is the result of ineffective assistance of trial or direct appeal counsel, in a matter external to the defense and imputed to the state, the Sixth Amendment requires that the default be excused. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986). In such an instance, constitutionally deficient performance of appellate counsel is “cause” to forgive a procedural default. Id.FN13 But the exhaustion doctrine requires that a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel be initially “presented to the state courts as an independent claim before it may be used to establish cause for a procedural default” in a federal habeas proceeding. Id. at 489, 106 S.Ct. 2639. There is no indication that Taylor has ever done this. Thus, the exhaustion doctrine prevents us from considering whether his appellate counsel was a source of cause to lift the procedural bar. While there are exceptions to the exhaustion doctrine, see Spreitzer v. Schomig, 219 F.3d 639, 644–47 (7th Cir.2000) (recognizing “fair presentment” and “futility” as exceptions to the exhaustion doctrine), they are not applicable here.

FN13. Errors made by PCR counsel are not actionable as cause to excuse procedural defaults for habeas purposes. Chambers v. Bowersox, 157 F.3d 560, 566 n. 6 (8th Cir.1998); Clemmons v. Delo, 124 F.3d 944, 947 (8th Cir.1997). Here, we clearly deal with a PCR issue because in Missouri ineffective assistance of plea counsel claims can only be raised in PCR proceedings. However, in a situation like Missouri has established where the PCR and direct appeal are consolidated and both are handled by one attorney, we note that there may be constitutional implications if that attorney makes a mistake in the consolidated appeal. We avoid this issue by simply considering counsel as direct appeal counsel. Ultimately the issue is irrelevant since we find no prejudice in this case.

Even if Taylor had satisfied the mandates of the exhaustion doctrine and has surmounted the “cause” threshold of an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, he must also establish the prejudice requirements of the “cause and prejudice” formulation for ineffective assistance of counsel created by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Without the finding of prejudice inherent in the Strickland equation, the procedural hurdle precludes consideration of Taylor's underlying constitutional claim-ineffective assistance of plea counsel. However, the prejudice we evaluate within this analytical framework is not prejudice emanating from the services of appellate counsel, but rather, that prejudice arising from the acts or omissions of plea counsel. As we have stated previously,

While it is true that the ... appeal counsel served as cause for the procedural default, we do not look to direct appeal counsel's conduct to determine prejudice for the procedural default. To establish prejudice sufficient to excuse a procedural default, [a defendant] must show that the ineffective assistance of trial counsel worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, and infected his entire trial with constitutional error. Burns v. Gammon, 260 F.3d 892, 895 (8th Cir.2001) (emphasis in original).

Taylor contends that he was prejudiced when the public defender's office fired his attorney, Leslie Delk, leaving her without appropriate resources and in a position of needing to devote her time to searching for a new job. Taylor also argues that he was never advised of his right to jury sentencing under Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.006.2 and that counsel was ineffective in not researching and advising him on the sentencing judge's alcoholic tendencies.

When, as here, a defendant pleads guilty on the advice of counsel, he must demonstrate, in order to later claim that his plea was involuntary because of some infirmity in the advice, that the advice was not “within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970); see also Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 266, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973). Taylor has stated that the reason he pled in front of Judge Randall was because his plea counsel believed that Judge Randall was perhaps the only judge who would consider giving Taylor a sentence other than death. Faced with the overwhelming evidence in the case, including a videotaped confession and DNA-verified samples of Taylor's seminal fluid inside of the victim, it is well within a standard of competent lawyering for counsel to suggest a plea in front of a judge who would at least consider a non-death option. Counsel can never guarantee a sentencing result, nor is there any evidence that Taylor's counsel did so here. Therefore, we see no merit to a claim that plea counsel was ineffective when she advised Taylor to plead guilty in front of Judge Randall. Without evidence to the contrary, it is not ineffective assistance for counsel not to know of a judge's alleged tendency to have an alcoholic beverage at lunch. Nor is there evidence that, had Taylor or his counsel known of the judge's alleged daytime use of alcohol, the information would have affected counsel's advice, or Taylor's decision to plead guilty.

“An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052. The defendant must show that the error had an actual effect on the defense, not just some “conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. at 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052. “The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

Similarly, we see no prejudice in Taylor not being advised of Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.006.2, because there is no showing that it would have affected his decision to plead guilty. At the time of the plea, it is abundantly clear that Taylor, as well as his counsel, wanted to avoid jury participation in the proceedings. Taylor presented no credible evidence on PCR review that knowing he could plead guilty and be sentenced by a jury, rather than a judge, would have affected his decision to be sentenced by a judge. Additionally, section 565.006.2 does not grant substantive rights to a defendant. Rather, it is a provision which must be agreed upon by the prosecutor.FN14 Taylor presented no evidence to the first PCR court that the prosecutor would have agreed to invoke section 565.006.2; in fact, there was evidence to the contrary. FN14. The section says, “No defendant who pleads guilty to a homicide offense ... shall be permitted a trial by jury on the issue of the punishment to be imposed, except by agreement of the state.” Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.006.2.

Furthermore, while there may be instances where an attorney's personal and professional life unacceptably impacts counsel's representation of a criminal defendant, this is not such a case. We agree with Judge Dierker's determination that Leslie Delk, despite being fired by the public defender's office, performed well within the bounds of professional competence in representing Taylor during his plea proceedings, and in fact, acted in a “very professional manner” during these events and “displayed commendable loyalty to Taylor's interests.” Taylor v. Missouri, Nos. CV91–20562, CV91–20638, 64 (Mo.Cir.Ct. July 1, 1992). Thus, there being no evidence of constitutionally defective lawyering, there can be no prejudice in upholding the procedural default of Taylor's ineffective assistance of plea counsel claim.

Taylor's final contention is that he is “actually innocent” of the charged crime, and thus can avoid the procedural bar. Even assuming that Taylor's gateway claim of actual innocence is sufficient to lift the procedural bar, we have already determined in the preceding paragraphs that his plea counsel's performance did not constitute ineffective assistance within the meaning of Strickland. Although we reached this conclusion in the context of deciding that Taylor's claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel did not overcome his procedural default of his claim of ineffective assistance of plea counsel, it is necessarily the same conclusion we would reach if we addressed the merits of Taylor's claim of ineffective assistance of plea counsel. Thus, we would still affirm the district court's denial of relief even if we found that Taylor's claim of ineffective assistance of plea counsel was not procedurally defaulted. See Stephens v. Norris, 83 F.3d 223, 224 (8th Cir.1996) (in affirming district court's denial of relief, this court may bypass issue of procedural bar and address simpler issue of merits of underlying claim).

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the result reached by the district court.

Taylor v. Crawford, 487 F.3d 1072 (8th Cir. Mo. 2007). (§ 1983)

Background: State death row inmate brought § 1983 challenge to state's lethal injection protocol as violative of Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. The United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Fernando Gaitan, Chief Judge, denied claim. The Court of Appeals, 445 F.3d 1095, remanded. On remand, the District Court found violation of Eighth Amendment and stayed death warrant. Following filing of revised protocol, the Court of Appeals, 457 F.3d 902, remanded. The District Court again found Eighth Amendment violation, and issued injunction. State corrections officials appealed.

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Hansen, Circuit Judge, held that: (1) alleged unnecessary risk of causing wanton infliction of pain was permissible basis for challenge; (2) risk of accident does not form basis for claim of cruel and unusual punishment; (3) inmate did not have to demonstrate deliberate indifference; and (4) state protocol's lack of requirement for anesthesiologist's involvement did not render it violative of Eighth Amendment. Reversed; injunction vacated.