DOC#: 00Z528
Inmate: MCNAIR, WILLIE
Gender: M
Race: B
DOB: 11/18/1964
Prison Holman
Received: 5/16/1991
Charge: MURDER
County: MONTGOMERY

Birmingham News

"Alabama executes Willie McNair for 1990 slaying of Ella Foy Riley in Abbeville," by Tom Gordon.May 14, 2009 6:01 PM)

Willie McNair, convicted of robbing, strangling and stabbing to death a southeast Alabama woman for whom he did yard work, died by lethal injection tonight as his victim's six children watched.

McNair, 44, did not look at victim Ella Foy Riley's children. He also declined to pray with the prison chaplain, made no final public statement and spent his last moments staring at the ceiling as the injection began at 6 p.m. He was pronounced dead at 6:17 p.m. by Alabama Corrections officials.

Pat Jones and her brothers Calvin, Don, John, Bobby and Wayne Riley wore buttons with their mother's photograph for the execution. The buttons said "You are not forgotten." Wayne Riley, the youngest of the sons, issued a statement afterward: "I thank God for keeping myself, my four brothers and my sister alive and in good health so that we were able to see justice finally done. I ask that you pray for my family in the coming days and for the Willie McNair family, too, for they ... have suffered for what he has done."

Wayne Riley also said: "I can forgive Willie McNair for what he did because he paid the price with his life." Later the six children gathered with other family members for a candle light vigil. Participating was District Attorney Doug Valeska, who prosecuted McNair.

Earlier in the day, the U.S. Supreme Court had turned down his McNair's final sentence appeal.

Special

Willie McNair became the fourth person executed by the state of Alabama this year. The Abbeville man had been on Death Row since 1991 for the May 21, 1990, slaying of Ella Foy Riley. Her daughter, Jones, found her mother stabbed and strangled in the kitchen of her Abbeville home. McNair had done yardwork for Riley in the past, and other members of his family had done work for her as well.

According to a case summary, McNair and a friend, Olin Grimsley, had been doing cocaine, wanted money to get some more, and had asked Riley for $20. She turned them down, and was attacked while she was getting McNair a drink of water. According to the state's filing in the case, McNair then took Riley's purse from the kitchen counter and he and Grimsley left the house. The next morning, after Riley's body was found, McNair admitted killing her when questioned by a sheriff's deputy.

The Riley children were able to witness the execution because Gov. Bob Riley, no relation to the victim, had signed into law a bill allowing up to six members of crime victim's family to watch the perpetrator's execution. Before today's signing, Alabama law allowed only two witnesses for the victim, and only two for person to be executed.

Jones said she had written McNair a few months ago, and that in his reply, he had expressed remorse for her mother's death. Carolyn Glanton, McNair's youngest sister, said the family wanted her brother, whom they called "Chubby," to be remembered as a "happy and lovable person. "Chubby has a real good heart," Glanton said before her brother died. "If anybody . . . really knew him, they'd know how good a person he is."

McNair turned down breakfast this morning and limited himself to only sodas during the day. In his will, McNair left a check for $1.11 to one of his attorneys, Randy Susskind. McNair also left several of his belongings to fellow Death Row inmates. He gave a television to Robin Myers; a radio and headphones to Michael Ervin; a Bible to Earl McGahee; and a pair of white Nikes tennis shoes to Robert Ingram. McNair has had eight visitors during the day, including two of sisters and two of his attorneys.

Susskind and Donald Blocker, McNair's spiritual adviser, are the only two witnesses he has requested to watch his execution this evening.

McNair was the fourth Death Row inmate to be executed in Alabama this year. Another inmate, Jack Trawick, is scheduled to die on June 11 for the murder of Stephanie Gach in Birmingham.

ProDeathPenalty.Com

On the night of May 21, 1990, Willie McNair and another man went to the home of Ella Foy Riley, an elderly widow who lived alone and occasionally hired McNair to do yard work. When Ella came to the door, McNair asked her if he could borrow twenty dollars. Riley told him she had no money to lend him. McNair then asked if he could have a glass of water. Ella invited him in, and when she turned around McNair grabbed her by the neck and stabbed her in the throat. When the blade of the knife broke off in Ella’s neck, McNair’s companion retrieved another knife from the kitchen and McNair stabbed Ella in the neck again. The wounds severed Ella’s carotid artery and jugular vein. Evidence indicated that McNair also strangled Ella Rile, who struggled for several minutes as she bled to death.

After killing Ella, McNair took her purse from the kitchen counter and fled the scene with his companion. The pair drove several miles down a rural road, rummaged through Ella’s purse, then dumped it. When an officer came to his house the next morning, McNair admitted killing Ella and was arrested. He subsequently directed officers to the place where he had dumped Ella Riley’s purse and gave detailed descriptions of the murder to investigators.

McNair was convicted of capital murder in the course of a robbery on April 18, 1991. He was sentenced to death following a 10-2 jury vote in favor of that penalty. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals confirmed the conviction, but it remanded the case for a new sentencing hearing because the sentencing judge had improperly considered as an aggravating factor a prior conviction that resulted from a no contest plea. The second jury recommended a sentence of life without parole by a vote of 8-4. The court rejected this recommendation and again sentenced McNair to death. McNair’s case was twice remanded for correction of the sentencing order before finally being affirmed on direct appeal. The United States Supreme Court denied McNair’s petition for certiorari.

Wikipedia

The following individuals have been executed by the State of Alabama at the Holman Correctional Facility near Atmore since 1943:

Inmate Date Method Victim

1 John Louis Evans 22 April 1983 electrocution Edward Nassar.
2 Arthur Lee Jones 21 March 1986 electrocution William Hosea Waymon.
3 Wayne Ritter 28 August 1987 electrocution Edward Nassar.
4 Michael Lindsey 26 May 1989 electrocution Rosemary Zimlich Rutland.
5 Horace Dunkins 14 July 1989 electrocution Lynn McCurry.
6 Herbert Richardson 18 August 1989 electrocution Rena Mae Callins.
7 Arthur Julius 17 November 1989 electrocution Susie Bell Sanders.
8 Wallace Thomas 13 July 1990 electrocution Quenette Shehane.
9 Larry Heath 30 March 1992 electrocution Rebecca Heam.
10 Cornelius Singleton 20 November 1992 electrocution Ann Hogan.
11 Willie Clisby 28 April 1995 electrocution Fletcher Handley.
12 Varnell Weeks 12 May 1995 electrocution Mark Batts.
13 Edward Horsley, Jr. 16 February 1996 electrocution Naomi Rolon.
14 Billy Wayne Waldrop 10 January 1997 electrocution Thurman Donahoo.
15 Walter Hill 2 May 1997 electrocution Willie Mae Hammock, John Tatum, and Lois Tatum.
16 Henry Hays 6 June 1997 electrocution Michael Donald.
17 Stephen Allen Thompson 8 May 1998 electrocution Robin Balarzs.
18 Brian K. Baldwin 18 June 1999 electrocution Naomi Rolon.
19 Victor Kennedy 6 August 1999 electrocution Annie Laura Orr.
20 David Ray Duren 7 January 2000 electrocution Kathleen Bedsole.
21 Freddie Lee Wright 3 March 2000 electrocution Warren Green and Lois Green.
22 Robert Lee Tarver, Jr. 14 April 2000 electrocution Hugh Sims Kite.
23 Pernell Ford 2 June 2002 electrocution Willie C. Griffith and Linda Gail Griffith.
24 Lynda Lyon Block 10 May 2002 electrocution Opelika Officer Roger Lamar Motley.
25 Anthony Keith Johnson 12 December 2002 lethal injection Kenneth Cantrell.
26 Michael Eugene Thompson 13 March 2003 lethal injection Maisie Carlene Gray.
27 Gary Leon Brown 24 April 2003 lethal injection Jack David McGraw.
28 Tommy Jerry Fortenberry 7 August 2003 lethal injection Ronald Michael Guest, Wilbut T. Nelson, Robert William Payne, and Nancy Payne.
29 James Barney Hubbard August 5, 2004 lethal injection Lillian Montgomery.
30 David Kevin Hocker 30 September 2004 lethal injection Jerry Wayne Robinson.
31 Mario Giovanni Centobie 28 April 2005 lethal injection Moody police officer Keith Turner.
32 Jerry Paul Henderson 2 June 2005 lethal injection Jerry Haney in Talladega and for accepting $3,000 from Haney's wife for the killing.
33 George Everett Sibley, Jr. (common-law husband of Lynda Lyon Block) 4 August 2005 lethal injection Opelika Officer Roger Lamar Motley.
34 John W. Peoples, Jr. September 22, 2005 lethal injection Paul Franklin, Judy Franklin, and Paul Franklin, Jr.
35 Larry Eugene Hutcherson October 26, 2006 lethal injection Irma Thelma Gray
36 Aaron Lee Jones May 3, 2007 lethal injection Carl Nelson and Willene Nelson
37 Darrell Grayson July 26, 2007 lethal injection Annie Laura Orr
38 Luther Jerome Williams August 23, 2007 lethal injection John Kirk
39 James Harvey Callahan January 15, 2009 lethal injection Rebecca Suzanne Howell
40 Danny Joe Bradley February 12, 2009 lethal injection Rhonda Hardin
41 Jimmy Lee Dill April 16, 2009 lethal injection Leon Shaw
42 Willie McNair May 14, 2009 lethal injection Ella Foy Riley

Chattanooga Times

"Alabama executes inmate for woman’s 1990 killing," by Garry Mitchell. (Associated Press Friday, May 15, 2009 , 8:30 a.m.)

ATMORE, Ala. — A man who spent nearly 18 years on Alabama’s death row for the 1990 slashing death of an elderly mother of six was executed Thursday as all the woman’s gray-haired children watched from a witness room steps away.

Willie McNair, 44, never looked over at the victim’s children before slipping into unconsciousness and being pronounced dead at 6:17 p.m. after the lethal injection was administered at Holman Prison in Atmore. He was condemned for the death of Ella Foy Riley, a 68-year-old retired textile worker whose throat was slashed with a pocketknife at her home May 21, 1990.

Riley’s daughter, Patricia Riley Jones, 62, of Abbeville, and her five brothers all watched from behind a glass partition steps away as the lethal drugs began flowing into McNair’s body. Each of the children wore a button bearing their mother’s photograph and the words: “You are not forgotten.” McNair had no final statement and rejected a prison’ chaplain’s offer to share a prayer.

“It was too easy,” Riley Jones said at a post-execution news conference. But she said she was at peace now that the death sentence had been carried out. Jones and her brothers expressed disappointment that McNair never looked at him in his final minutes. “He would not face us today,” said John Riley, one of the victim’s sons. “It took us 19 years to see this happen,” added Wayne Riley, the youngest of the woman’s six children.

In a written statement, Wayne Riley said: “I thank God for keeping myself and my four brothers and my sister alive and in good health so that we were able to see justice finally done. I ask that you pray for my family in the coming days and for the Willie McNair family because they, too, have suffered for what he has done.”

Gov. Bob Riley, who is unrelated to the victim, had signed a bill into law recently to allow six people from the victim’s side and six from the inmate’s side to witness a state execution. Previously it was two from each side. No relatives for McNair witnessed execution, at his request. His lawyer and a spiritual adviser were on hand.

When the curtain to the witness room opened Thursday evening, McNair smiled and nodded in the direction of his lawyer and spiritual adviser. Strapped to a gurney, McNair declined a chaplain’s offer of a prayer and kept his eyes fixed on the ceiling. McNair showed no reaction as the drugs began flowing and he slipped into unconsciousness during a 17-minute procedure that authorities said went as planned.

Court records show Ella Fox Riley was stabbed to death in her Abbeville home after refusing to give $20 to McNair. Authorities said in documents that McNair had been described as a cocaine addict and had worked in the woman’s yard before the attack. The blade of a pocketknife broke in the woman’s neck and McNair also used a kitchen knife on her during a violent struggle, authorities said. Riley’s daughter had found her mother’s body on her kitchen floor.

McNair’s co-defendant, Olin Grimsley, received a life sentence for first-degree robbery for his role in the attack. McNair’s confession indicated Grimsley handed him a kitchen knife used in the killing.

The U.S. Supreme Court refused to block the execution of McNair earlier. His was the fourth execution in Alabama this year and the first since April 16. There are more than 200 inmates on Alabama’s death row.

McNair’s attorneys had filed for a stay earlier this week, citing a jury’s recommendation that he be given life without parole. In opposing the stay, Attorney General Troy King told the high court that McNair’s claims had already been rejected by appeals courts or were barred from further review. Authorities also said a judge noted the “heinous” nature of the crime in sentencing McNair to death.

McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 320 (Ala.Cr.App. 1992) (Direct Appeal - Reversed).

Defendant was convicted of capital offense involving murder and robbery, following jury trial in the Henry Circuit Court, Edward Jackson, J., and he appealed. The Court of Criminal Appeals, Bowen, J., held that: (1) no inference of racial discrimination arose from prosecutor's striking black venire members; (2) trial court did not err in granting state's challenges to jurors for cause; (3) admission into evidence of gruesome and shocking photographs and slides was proper; (4) prior conviction resulting from nolo contendere plea was inadmissible in sentencing hearing; (5) emotional manifestations by victim's family members did not require new trial; and (6) prosecutor's comments and actions during closing argument did not require new trial. Remanded with directions. Montiel, J., filed opinion specially concurring.

BOWEN, Judge.

Willie McNair, the appellant, was indicted and convicted for the capital offense defined in Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-40(a)(2), involving the murder and robbery of 68-year-old Ella Foy Riley. The trial judge accepted the recommendation of the jury and sentenced the appellant to death. On this appeal from that conviction and sentence, the appellant raises 13 issues.

The facts in this case are largely undisputed. On the night of May 21, 1990, 68-year-old Ella Fay Riley was murdered in the kitchen of her own home. The next day, the appellant confessed to stabbing Mrs. Riley in the throat and taking her purse. He also took law enforcement officers to the area where Mrs. Riley's purse had been discarded.

The appellant did not testify at trial. His defense, as argued by defense counsel on the basis of the statements given by the appellant, was that he was guilty of the lesser included offense of intentional murder. According to the defense version of the facts, the appellant, accompanied by Olin Grimsley, went to Mrs. Riley's house to ask her to lend him some money. When she refused to do so, the appellant, who had smoked crack cocaine a few hours before, got angry, “lost control,” and stabbed her. The purse was taken only as an afterthought. The essence of the appellant's defense was that, although intentional, the murder was not committed during the course of a robbery.

* * *

At the jury sentencing hearing, the prosecutor proved that on August 4, 1989, in the Circuit Court of St. Lucie County, Florida, the appellant entered a plea of nolo contendere, was convicted of the felony charge of “strong armed robbery,” and was sentenced to 130 days in the county jail followed by three year's probation. R. 2363. The appellant was on probation when he killed Mrs. Riley on May 21, 1990-nine months after his Florida conviction. This conviction was offered to prove the aggravating circumstance that “[t]he capital offense was committed by a person under a sentence of imprisonment.” Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-49(1). By statutory definition, a defendant is “under sentence of imprisonment” even “while on probation or parole.” Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-39(7). The appellant argues that the conviction resulting from his nolo contendere plea was inadmissible to prove the aggravating circumstance.

In its sentencing order, the trial court considered the nolo contendere conviction in determining the non-existence of the mitigating circumstance that “[t]he defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity.” Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-51(1). The State, although urging this Court to affirm the conviction on all other grounds, suggested in its brief on appeal that the cause be remanded for the trial court to resentence the appellant without considering the Florida conviction to negate the mitigating circumstance listed at § 13A-5-51(1).

We must therefore determine whether a conviction resulting from a nolo contendere plea may be used to prove the aggravating circumstance that “[t]he capital offense was committed by a person under a sentence of imprisonment,” Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-49(1), or to negate the existence of the mitigating circumstance that “[t]he defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity,” Ala.Code § 13A-5-51(1).

The current majority rule with regard to the significance of a nolo contendere plea is stated in 2 W. LaFave and J. Israel, Criminal Procedure § 20.4 at 637 (1984): “(1) Unlike a plea of guilty or a conviction following a plea of not guilty, a plea of nolo contendere may not be put in evidence in a subsequent civil action as proof of the fact that the defendant committed the offense to which he entered the plea; (2) Judgment following entry of a nolo contendere plea is a conviction, and may be admitted as such in other proceedings where the fact of conviction has legal significance (e.g., to apply multiple offender penalty provisions, to deny or revoke a license because of conviction, or to claim double jeopardy in a subsequent prosecution).” (Emphasis added) (Footnotes omitted). See also Annot., 89 A.L.R.2d 540 (1963). A nolo contendere plea is generally deemed inadmissible in another proceeding as evidence of guilt, see 4 Wigmore Evidence § 1066 at 81 n. 4 (Chadbourn rev. 1972), but admissible as evidence of the historical fact of conviction, see Annot., 89 A.L.R.2d 540 at § 42.

Alabama, however, follows the minority rule that a conviction resulting from a plea of nolo contendere is inadmissible not only to prove the conduct underlying the conviction, but for all other purposes. See Annot., 89 A.L.R.2d 540 at § 43. In this jurisdiction, a conviction resting on a nolo plea is not admissible to render a witness incompetent to testify, Fidelity-Phenix Fire Ins. Co. of New York v. Murphy, 231 Ala. 680, 686, 166 So. 604, 609, cert. denied, 299 U.S. 557, 57 S.Ct. 19, 81 L.Ed. 410 (1936), to impeach a witness, Wright v. State, 38 Ala.App. 64, 68, 79 So.2d 66, 69 (1954), cert. denied, 262 Ala. 420, 79 So.2d 74 (1955), to enhance punishment under the Habitual Felony Offender Act, Ex parte Jenkins, 586 So.2d 176, 177 (Ala.1991); Snipes v. State, 404 So.2d 106, 108-09 (Ala.Cr.App.), writ quashed, 404 So.2d 110 (Ala.1981), to prove that the accused committed a similar, “signature” crime, Smith v. State, 46 Ala.App. 157, 164, 239 So.2d 230, 236 (1970), or to prove that one is ineligible to hold public office, State ex rel. Woods v. Thrower, 272 Ala. 344, 131 So.2d 420 (1961). In fact, as this Court recognized in Snipes v. State, “[t]he rule in Alabama is that a conviction based upon a plea of nolo contendere is inadmissible in evidence in other proceedings.” 404 So.2d at 109.FN1 See also Harrison v. Jones, 880 F.2d 1279, 1280 (11th Cir.1989) (wherein the court observed that a conviction based on a plea of nolo contendere “is clearly inadmissible for any purpose under Alabama law”) (emphasis added).

FN1. This rule, which was established in decisions by the Alabama Supreme Court, see Thrower and Murphy, supra, was soundly criticized, as it applied to habitual offender proceedings, by three judges of this court in a special concurrence authored by Judge Bookout. See Snipes v. State, 404 So.2d at 109. Despite an invitation by Judge Bookout to do so, our Supreme Court has not changed this rule, and it remains binding on this court. See Ala.Code 1975, § 12-3-16.

We recognize the logic of the State's argument that the § 13A-5-49(1) aggravating circumstance does not, by its terms, require that the appellant have been previously “convicted”; it requires only that the appellant have been “under sentence of imprisonment” at the time of the capital offense. By the same token, the appellant's Florida conviction was not used to prove that the appellant had been previously “convicted,” or to prove the conduct underlying that “conviction.” Compare, Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-49(2) (“The defendant was previously convicted of another capital offense or a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person”); State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 524 A.2d 188, 263 (1987) (prior conviction based on plea of non vult or nolo contendere admissible to prove aggravating factor that defendant in capital case was previously convicted of another murder); State v. Teague, 680 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn.1984), cert. denied, 473 U.S. 911, 105 S.Ct. 3538, 87 L.Ed.2d 662 (1985) (prior conviction based on plea of nolo contendere admissible to prove aggravating factor that defendant in capital case was previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person).

Nevertheless, like the aggravating circumstance enumerated in § 13A-5-49(1), the statutory mitigating circumstance found in § 13A-5-51(1), that “[t]he defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity,” does not contain the word “conviction.” However, our Supreme Court has construed the latter provision to mean that only convictions can be considered in determining the existence or nonexistence of that mitigating circumstance. Cook v. State, 369 So.2d 1251, 1257 (Ala.1978). See Hallford v. State, 548 So.2d 526, 544 (Ala.Cr.App.1988) (on rehearing), affirmed, 548 So.2d 547 (Ala.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 945, 110 S.Ct. 354, 107 L.Ed.2d 342 (1989).

Because § 13A-5-49, which sets forth the aggravating circumstances that may be considered in a death case, and § 13A-5-51, which outlines the statutory mitigating circumstances that may be considered in a death case, are in pari materia, see Kelly v. State, 273 Ala. 240, 242, 139 So.2d 326, 328 (1962), these sections “should be construed together to ascertain the meaning and intent of each.” McDonald's Corp. v. DeVenney, 415 So.2d 1075, 1078 (Ala.1982).

“When ascertaining legislative intent, statutes which are in pari materia ... must be interpreted as a whole in light of the general purpose of the statute.” Kirkland v. State, 529 So.2d 1036, 1038 (Ala.Cr.App.1988). See generally 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction, § 46.05 (5th ed. 1992). The purpose of §§ 13A-5-49 and 13A-5-51 is to provide sentencing restrictions necessary to a constitutionally valid death penalty statute. See generally Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976); Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972).

We are therefore of the opinion that, because of Alabama's minority position that a conviction resting on a plea of nolo contendere is inadmissible for any purpose in a subsequent proceeding, § 13A-5-49(1) should be interpreted in the same fashion as the Supreme Court has interpreted § 13A-5-51(1). Therefore, only a sentence of imprisonment imposed upon a conviction recognizable under Alabama law can be considered in determining the existence or nonexistence of this aggravating circumstance. Consequently, the appellant is entitled to a new sentencing hearing at which evidence of his Florida conviction will be inadmissible. * * *

At the sentence phase of the trial, the jury's vote of 10-2 was recorded and verified by the foreperson of the jury as the correct vote. The sentence recommendation verdict of the jury complied with § 13A-5-46(f), and there was no error in the trial court's refusal to poll each member of the jury following the verdict in the penalty phase of the trial. The trial court, in response to the appellant's motion to poll each juror, did ask the jury whether anyone disagreed that the 10-2 vote returned was the actual vote.

For the reasons set out in Part VI of this opinion, this cause is remanded for new sentence hearings before the jury and before the trial court. Those hearings shall be conducted and a transcript of those proceedings shall be filed in this Court within 120 days from the date of this opinion. If the trial judge sentences the appellant to death, he must enter new written findings as required by Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-5-47(d).

REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.

Ex parte McNair, 653 So.2d 353 (Ala. 1994) (Direct Appeal - Affirmed).

Defendant was convicted in the Circuit Court, Henry County, No. CC-90-086, S. Edward Jackson, J., of murder and sentenced to death. Following three remands, 653 So.2d 320, 653 So.2d 343, 653 So.2d 347, the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed, 653 So.2d 351, and defendant sought certiorari. The Supreme Court, Houston, J., held that: (1) defendant did not establish Batson violations; (2) error in allowing bailiff to testify was harmless; and (3) evidence established that killing was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. Affirmed. Maddox, J., filed specially concurring opinion.

McNair v. State, 706 So.2d 828 (Ala. 1997) (PCR).

Following affirmance of conviction for murder and sentence of death, 653 So.2d 353, defendant sought postconviction relief. The Circuit Court, Henry County, No. CC-90-086.60, S. Edward Jackson, J., denied relief, and defendant appealed. The Court of Criminal Appeals, John Patterson, Retired Appellate Judge, held that: (1) juror's reading of Bible passages and prayer during deliberations did not require reversal; (2) defendant did not establish ineffectiveness of counsel; (3) sentence of death was not disproportionate to accomplice's sentence or to the crime; (4) there was no Brady violation; and (5) claims that were or could have been presented at trial and on direct appeal were precluded. Affirmed.

PATTERSON, Retired Appellate Judge.

This is an appeal from the denial of a petition for post-conviction relief, Ala.R.Crim.P. 32. On July 12, 1990, the appellant, Willie McNair, was indicted for the capital offense of murder committed during a robbery in the first degree or an attempt thereof, a violation of § 13A-5-40(a)(2), Code of Alabama 1975. On April 18, 1991, he was found guilty after a jury trial of the capital offense charged in the indictment. The jury, by a vote of 10 to 2, recommended a sentence of death, and on May 16, 1991, the trial court, adopting the recommendation of the jury, sentenced the appellant to death. On July 24, 1992, on direct appeal, we remanded the case to the trial court for new sentencing proceedings before the jury and the trial court because we determined that evidence of the appellant's prior Florida conviction based upon a plea of nolo contendere had been improperly admitted and considered in the sentencing proceedings. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 320 (Ala.Cr.App.1992).

On January 25-28, 1993, a new sentencing proceeding was held before a new jury, after the appellant's motion for a change of venue had been granted and the case had been transferred to Montgomery County. In this proceeding, the jury recommended a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole by a vote of eight to four. On February 26, 1993, after a separate sentencing hearing before the trial court, the trial court rejected the jury's recommendation and sentenced the appellant to death. The circuit court filed its return to remand on April 23, 1993. Finding (1) that the trial court's new sentencing order was deficient because it did not fully comply with the appropriate statutes and because it was incomplete, and (2) that the record did not contain a presentence report, we again remanded the case to the trial court on August 13, 1993, with instructions to reconsider its sentence determination; to enter a new sentencing order, making specific written findings on the existence or nonexistence of each statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstance FN1 and on any additional nonstatutory mitigating circumstance and stating the reasons if appropriate why any aggravating circumstance or circumstances outweighed any mitigating circumstances; and to supplement the record on appeal with the presentence report. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 343 (Ala.Cr.App.1993).

FN1. On second remand, we specifically ordered the trial court to do the following: “a. In this regard, the trial court shall enter a specific written finding concerning the mitigating circumstance defined in § 13A-5-51(1): ‘The defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity.’ “b. The trial court shall reconsider the finding of the aggravating circumstance that the offense was ‘especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel,’ § 13A-5-49(8), under the standard of Ex parte Kyzer, 399 So.2d 330, 334 (Ala.1981), and determine whether this crime is one of ‘those conscienceless or pitiless homicides which are unnecessarily torturous to the victim.’ ” 653 So.2d at 347.

The trial court, in response to our second remand, entered an amended sentencing order on August 18, 1993, and filed a return to our remand on August 23, 1993. This amended order only partially complied with our remand, and we remanded the case a third time on September 30, 1993, again instructing the trial court to enter a proper and correct sentencing order as required by statute and by our prior remand. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 347 (Ala.Cr.App.1993).FN2 On October 6, 1993, the trial court entered yet another sentencing order, and filed its return to remand on October 14, 1993. Its new sentencing order complied with our instructions, and on January 21, 1994, we affirmed the appellant's conviction and sentence of death. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 351 (Ala.Cr.App.1994). The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed the conviction and death sentence on September 2, 1994. Ex parte McNair, 653 So.2d 353 (Ala.1994). On February 21, 1995, the United States Supreme Court denied the appellant's petition for certiorari review. McNair v. Alabama, 513 U.S. 1159, 115 S.Ct. 1121, 130 L.Ed.2d 1084 (1995).

FN2. On third remand, we ordered the trial court to do the following: “1. Carefully and conscientiously examine and reconsider its determination that death is a proper sentence in this case and that the recommendation of the jury should be rejected. “2. Carefully and conscientiously reweigh the aggravating and mitigating circumstances the trial court finds applicable in this case. “3. Enter a new, independent, self-sufficient, and complete sentencing order which contains no reference to its prior sentencing orders. “4. Set forth in that sentencing order specific written findings concerning the existence or nonexistence of each aggravating circumstance enumerated in § 13A-5-49, each mitigating circumstance offered pursuant to § 13A-5-51, and any additional mitigating circumstances offered pursuant to § 13A-5-52.” 653 So.2d at 350.

The appellant filed his post-conviction petition in Henry County pursuant to Rule 32 on July 5, 1995. On July 27, 1995, the district attorney filed a motion for summary disposition. On August 1, 1995, the attorney general filed an answer to the petition and a motion for partial dismissal as to those claims that he said were procedurally barred and insufficiently pleaded. On August 3, 1995, the circuit court granted the attorney general's motion for partial dismissal. On August 24, 1995, the appellant filed an amendment to his petition. On August 30, 1995, the circuit court entered an order finding that all of the issues raised in the petition as amended were barred, except those issues raising “ineffective assistance of counsel, failure of the state to turn over to the defense exculpatory evidence, and unconstitutionality of the death penalty due to [a] pattern of racial bias in its imposition.” The order set those issues not precluded for an evidentiary hearing. On October 24, 1995, the appellant filed a second amendment to his petition. The amendments, while raising a few new claims, essentially reasserted the claims raised in the original petition. The petition and the amendments are unverified. On November 8, 1995, an evidentiary hearing was held, and on November 13, 1995, the circuit court entered its order denying the petition.

On this appeal from the denial of his Rule 32 petition, the appellant raises a number of issues that were procedurally barred from the circuit court's consideration and consequently are barred from our review. He also raises issues concerning the ineffectiveness of counsel, as well as other issues. We will point out those issues that are procedurally barred and will address all issues raised by the appellant in his brief in the order in which they were presented.

The facts of this case are largely undisputed. On the night of May 21, 1990, the appellant and Olin Grimsley FN3 went to the home of Ella Foy Riley in Henry County. Ms. Riley was an elderly widow, and she lived alone. The appellant, who had done yard work for Ms. Riley on previous occasions, asked to borrow money from Ms. Riley, but she refused. He then asked her if he could have a drink of water. When Ms. Riley turned away to get the appellant a glass of water, the appellant grabbed her from behind and began cutting and stabbing her in the throat with his pocketknife. During the attack, the blade of the appellant's pocketknife broke, and Grimsley handed him a knife from Ms. Riley's kitchen, with which he continued the assault. When Ms. Riley was released from the appellant's grasp, she fell to the floor and died. The cause of death was loss of blood due to the cuts to her throat and strangulation. Ms. Riley not only received deep knife cuts to her throat, but she also suffered numerous bruises to her throat and face, and the bony structure of her throat was crushed. After the attack, the appellant took Ms. Riley's purse from the kitchen counter, and he and Grimsley left in the appellant's automobile. A short distance away, they rummaged through the purse and then threw the purse and its contents along the side of the road. The following day, the appellant confessed to attacking and stabbing Ms. Riley and to taking her purse. He also led officers to where they had discarded Ms. Riley's purse, where it was recovered. The appellant did not testify at trial. The theory of his defense was that when Ms. Riley refused to lend him money, he got angry, lost control, and stabbed her, and that he took her purse only as an afterthought. His counsel argued that under these facts, the appellant was guilty of the lesser included offense of murder, and that although the murder was intentional, it was not committed during the course of a robbery and therefore could not be punished capitally. See McNair v. State, 653 So.2d at 322-23.

FN3. Olin Grimsley was originally indicted for the same capital offense-murder committed during the course of a robbery. His trial was moved from Henry County to Montgomery County. At his first trial for the capital offense, a mistrial was declared when the jury was unable to reach a verdict. He was then retried and was acquitted of the capital murder charge, but was found guilty of robbery in the first degree, § 13A-8-41. This court reversed his robbery conviction in Grimsley v. State, 632 So.2d 547 (Ala.Cr.App.1993), because the trial court had denied him the right to fully cross-examine a state's witness. He was tried again on the robbery charge and was again found guilty of robbery in the first degree and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He appealed, and we remanded the case so that the trial court could conduct a Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), hearing after considering the Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Ex parte Thomas, 659 So.2d 3 (Ala.1994). Grimsley v. State, 678 So.2d 1194 (Ala.Cr.App.1995). On return to remand, we affirmed the conviction and sentence on January 19, 1996, and the Alabama Supreme Court denied certiorari review on May 17, 1996.

At the hearing on the Rule 32 petition, the appellant did not testify. In fact, he called only one witness, L.D., a member of the jury in the guilt phase of the trial, for the sole purpose of substantiating his claim that the jury verdict was tainted because extraneous material had been injected into the deliberation process, i.e., reading of passages from a Bible in the jury room and praying during deliberation. He offered four juror affidavits, from L.D. and from three other members of the jury, that related to L.D.'s reading aloud from his Bible and praying in the jury room during deliberation; however, upon objection by the state, the affidavits were not admitted into evidence. He also offered a certified copy of his prison record, which was admitted into evidence insofar as it pertained to his conduct in prison before his resentencing.

Aside from the claim that the jury considered extraneous material during its deliberation, the appellant's principle argument in his brief on appeal is that his alleged history of drug abuse and his alleged use of crack cocaine on the day the crime was committed created a reasonable doubt as to his ability to entertain the specific intent to kill, and that his trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to present “numerous witnesses who were available and would have testified” regarding his history of drug abuse and his use of crack cocaine on the day of the crime. He states in his brief:

“In addition, there are serious questions about the propriety of Mr. McNair's conviction because he did not specifically intend to kill the victim in this case and because of his trial counsel's ineffectiveness. Overwhelming evidence of Mr. McNair's history of drug abuse and use of crack cocaine on the day of the crime would have created a reasonable doubt about his ability to form the specific intent to kill required under Alabama capital law. Because Mr. McNair's lawyers were ineffective, however, these facts were neither sufficiently developed nor presented to the jury or the judge. Counsel failed to present numerous witnesses who were available and who would have testified about Mr. McNair's history of drug abuse and use of crack cocaine on the day of the crime. Moreover, counsel did not obtain and present independent expert witnesses who would have testified about Mr. McNair's drug abuse, and how his use of crack cocaine rendered him unable to comprehend what he was doing during the crime. Mr. McNair was severely prejudiced by counsel's ineffectiveness because such testimony would have made it clear to the jury that he could not have formed the specific intent to kill and that he therefore was not guilty of capital murder.”

The appellant did not produce any witnesses or indeed any evidence at the Rule 32 hearing to support these claims. We note that the circuit court granted the appellant's motion requesting funds to hire experts to assist him in preparing for his Rule 32 hearing, approving the sum of $5,000.

The circuit court found that the appellant was precluded under Rules 32.2(a)(2) and (5) from raising the following claims because they were raised and addressed at trial and because they could have been but were not raised on appeal: (1) That the trial court erred in overruling defense's motion for individual voir dire examination and sequestration of veniremembers during voir dire; (2) That the trial court improperly admitted into evidence the appellant's statement and other illegally obtained evidence; (3) That he was unduly prejudiced when the district attorney “shoved” the defense table during his argument to the jury during the guilt phase of the trial; and (4) That the state failed to turn over to the defense allegedly exculpatory evidence.

The circuit court found that the appellant was precluded under Rule 32.2(a)(2) and (4), from raising the following claims because they were raised or addressed at trial and because they were raised or addressed on direct appeal: (1) That the state's offer and the trial court's admission into evidence of allegedly inflammatory, prejudicial photographs violated the appellant's rights; (2) That the trial court improperly denied the appellant's motion for a change of venue; (3) That the prosecutor argued prior bad acts to the jury based upon the appellant's nolo contendere plea in Florida; and (4) That the prosecutor used his peremptory jury challenges in a racially discriminatory manner.

The circuit court found that the appellant was precluded under Rule 32.2(a)(3) and (4) from raising the following claims because they could have been but were not raised at trial and because they were then raised or addressed on direct appeal: (1) That the prosecutor made improper victim impact arguments at the guilt phase of the trial; (2) That the prosecutor allegedly poisoned the minds of the jurors by calling the appellant “vile” names; (3) That the prosecutor attempted to diminish the jury's role in sentencing; and (4) That the bailiff at the appellant's trial improperly testified for the prosecution.

The circuit court found that the appellant was precluded under Rule 32.2(a)(3) and (5) from raising the following claims because they could have been, but were not, raised and addressed at trial or on appeal: (1) That the district attorney argued that the jury's job was to convict and at the sentencing phase exhorted the jury to return a death sentence; (2) That the district attorney “disparaged” the appellant's rights; (3) That the trial court improperly diminished the jury's sense of responsibility by instructing the jury that its penalty phase verdict was merely advisory; (4) That the appellant's death sentence is unconstitutional because it was sought and imposed pursuant to a pattern of racial bias; (5) That the imposition of the death penalty in this case constitutes a disproportionate punishment under state and federal law; and (6) That the manner of execution used by the State of Alabama constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

In addition to dismissing some of the above-stated claims pursuant to the procedural bars of Rule 32.2(a), the circuit court also dismissed some of those claims pursuant to Rule 32.6(b) because they did not “contain a clear and specific statement of the grounds upon which relief was sought, or a full disclosure of the factual basis for the claim.” Those claims are: (1) That the trial court improperly admitted into evidence the appellant's statement and other illegally obtained evidence; (2) That the trial court improperly denied the appellant's motion for a change of venue; (3) That the state failed to turn over to the defense allegedly exculpatory evidence; and (4) That the appellant's death sentence is unconstitutional because it was sought and imposed pursuant to a pattern of racial bias.

* * *

The appellant contends that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors enumerated in his brief to this court violated his rights to due process and a fair trial under the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments and entitled him to a new trial. We do not agree. We have reviewed each and every allegation of error, including the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, and have found either that they are without merit, that the appellant failed to prove them, or that they were barred from collateral review. We have also reviewed all of his alleged errors collectively or as a whole, and still find no error or violation of his rights.

After reviewing all of the issues raised by the appellant on this appeal, we find that the judgment of the circuit court denying his petition for post-conviction relief is due to be affirmed.

The foregoing opinion was prepared by Retired Appellate Judge John Patterson while serving on active duty status as a judge of this court under the provisions of § 12-18-10(e), Ala. Code 1975. AFFIRMED. All Judges concur.

McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir. 2005) (Habeas).

Background: Petitioner filed for federal habeas corpus relief after his state-court murder conviction and death sentence were upheld on direct appeal, 653 So.2d 353, and he was denied state postconviction relief, 706 So.2d 828. The United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, No. 98-00915-CV-T-S, Myron H. Thomson, J., 307 F.Supp.2d 1277, granted petition in part. State appealed, and petitioner cross-appealed the denial of the petition with respect to other claims.

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Anderson, Circuit Judge, held that: (1) petitioner was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing on claim of ineffective assistance of counsel; (2) state court's denial of ineffective assistance claim was not unreasonable, barring habeas relief on that basis; (3) claim that jurors violated the Sixth Amendment by considering extraneous evidence during deliberations was not fairly presented to state courts, and thus, was procedurally barred; (4) jury's consideration of extraneous evidence, consisting of the reading of passages from the Bible during deliberations, did not deprive petitioner of fair trial; (5) fact that prosecutor's proffered reason for striking juror ultimately proved incorrect did not establish that strike was racially-motivated, for Batson purposes; (6) proffered race-neutral reason for striking one African-American juror was not a pretext for race discrimination; and (7) state court's finding, that prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges was not motivated by racial discrimination, was not an unreasonable factual determination. Affirmed in part, and reversed in part.

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

Defendant Willie McNair was convicted in Alabama state court and sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of Ella Foy Riley. He received a new sentencing hearing on direct appeal and was again sentenced to death. After his second sentence was affirmed, McNair sought and was denied state habeas corpus relief. He then filed a federal habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court granted the petition on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase and denied it on all other grounds. The State appeals the district court's grant of the petition. McNair cross-appeals the district court's denial of the petition with respect to his claims that (1) jurors improperly considered extraneous evidence during the penalty phase and (2) the prosecutor engaged in racial discrimination during jury selection in violation of McNair's Fourteenth Amendment rights under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the district court's grant of McNair's petition on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel and affirm the district court's denial of the petition on all other grounds.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On the night of May 21, 1990, Willie McNair and another man went to the home of Ella Foy Riley, an elderly widow who lived alone and occasionally hired McNair to do yard work. When Riley came to the door, McNair asked her if he could borrow twenty dollars. Riley told him she had no money to lend him. McNair then asked if he could have a glass of water. Riley invited him in, and when she turned around McNair grabbed her by the neck and stabbed her in the throat. When the blade of the knife broke off in Riley's neck, McNair's companion retrieved another knife from the kitchen and McNair stabbed Riley in the neck again. The wounds severed Riley's carotid artery and jugular vein. Evidence indicated that McNair also strangled Riley, who struggled for several minutes as she bled to death. After killing Riley, McNair took her purse from the kitchen counter and fled the scene with his companion. The pair drove several miles down a rural road, rummaged through Riley's purse, then dumped it. When an officer came to his house the next morning, McNair admitted killing Riley and was arrested. He subsequently directed officers to the place where he had dumped Riley's purse and gave detailed descriptions of the murder to investigators.

McNair was convicted of capital murder in the course of a robbery on April 18, 1991. He was sentenced to death following a 10-2 jury vote in favor of that penalty. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals confirmed the conviction, but it remanded the case for a new sentencing hearing because the sentencing judge had improperly considered as an aggravating factor a prior conviction that resulted from a nolo contendere plea. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 320, 327 (Ala.Crim.App.1992). The second jury recommended a sentence of life without parole by a vote of 8-4. The court rejected this recommendation and again sentenced McNair to death. McNair's case was twice remanded for correction of the sentencing order before finally being affirmed on direct appeal. McNair v. State, 653 So.2d 351 (Ala.Crim.App.1994). The United States Supreme Court denied McNair's petition for certiorari. McNair v. Alabama, 513 U.S. 1159, 115 S.Ct. 1121, 130 L.Ed.2d 1084 (1995).

After his unsuccessful direct appeal, McNair petitioned for post-conviction relief pursuant to Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 (“Rule 32”). The Henry County Circuit Court (the “Rule 32 court”) issued an order dismissing as procedurally barred all of McNair's claims except (1) ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment, (2) state failure to turn over exculpatory evidence to the defense, and (3) the unconstitutionality of the death penalty due to a pattern of racial bias in its implementation. An evidentiary hearing for these claims was originally scheduled for September 22, 1995, but it was moved to November 8, 1995 on McNair's motion. The Rule 32 court entered an order denying McNair's petition on all grounds on November 13, 1995. Its order was affirmed by Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Alabama Supreme Court denied certiorari. McNair v. State, 706 So.2d 828 (Ala.Crim.App.1997).

McNair filed a federal habeas corpus petition in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on August 18, 1998. He alleged numerous grounds for relief, including (1) ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt and penalty phases of his trial, (2) improper consideration of extraneous evidence by jurors during the guilt phase, and (3) Batson violations by the State during jury selection. The district court determined that several claims were entitled to review under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and, over the State's objection, granted an evidentiary hearing on McNair's ineffective assistance claims. The hearing was held on July 27-28, 2000.

On March 12, 2004, the district court granted McNair's habeas petition with respect to the death sentence, holding that McNair received ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase of his trial. The court denied McNair's petition on all other grounds. The State appealed the court's decision on the ineffective assistance issue, and McNair filed a cross-appeal with respect to his extraneous evidence and Batson claims. Those appeals are now before this court.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review de novo a district court's grant or denial of a habeas corpus petition. Wright v. Hopper, 169 F.3d 695, 701 (11th Cir.1999). The district court's factual findings are reviewed for clear error, while mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de novo. Id. An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact subject to de novo review. Id.

Because McNair filed his federal habeas petition after April 24, 1996, this case is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), which “establishes a highly deferential standard for reviewing state court judgments.” Parker v. Sec'y for Dept. of Corr., 331 F.3d 764, 768 (11th Cir.2003). Under AEDPA, a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court shall not be granted habeas relief unless the state court's decision was (1) “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) ... was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Moreover, a state court's factual determinations are presumed correct unless rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

Finally, AEDPA mandates that a petitioner who failed to develop the factual basis for a claim in state court shall not be granted a federal evidentiary hearing absent certain extraordinary circumstances. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). A district court's decision to grant or deny an evidentiary hearing is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Kelley v. Sec'y for Dept. of Corr., 377 F.3d 1317, 1333 (11th Cir.2004). A district court abuses its discretion by misapplying the law or making findings of fact that are clearly erroneous. Id.

III. DISCUSSION
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

The district court, after holding an evidentiary hearing, granted McNair's habeas petition on the ground that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the penalty phase of his trial. Specifically, the court held that McNair's counsel was constitutionally ineffective for presenting lay testimony about McNair's drug use without offering additional evidence about the effects of drug addiction and its potential mitigating effects. The State argues that the district court erred by (1) granting McNair an evidentiary hearing when McNair was not diligent in developing his claim in state court; (2) not deferring to the state court's determination on the merits as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); and (3) finding that McNair's counsel was constitutionally ineffective under the test laid out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). For the reasons discussed below, we agree that the district court erred in granting McNair's petition.

We turn first to the State's argument that the district court erred in granting McNair an evidentiary hearing. Under AEDPA, when a federal habeas petitioner “has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim.”FN1 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). The Supreme Court has held that “a failure to develop the factual basis of a claim is not established unless there is lack of diligence, or some greater fault, attributable to the prisoner or the prisoner's counsel.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 432, 120 S.Ct. 1479, 1488, 146 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). “Diligence,” as used in § 2254(e)(2), “depends upon whether the prisoner made a reasonable attempt, in light of the information available at the time, to investigate and pursue claims in state court.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 435, 120 S.Ct. at 1490. Accordingly, the district court should not have granted McNair an evidentiary hearing unless he made a reasonable attempt to investigate and pursue his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in state court.

FN1. Section 2254(e)(2) does have two exceptions, but neither applies in this case. For example, for the newly discovered evidence exception to apply, “the facts underlying the claim [on which the petitioner seeks an evidentiary hearing] must be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for the constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(B). Because there is no doubt that McNair is guilty of the underlying offense, the exceptions in § 2254(e)(2) are inapplicable in this case.

In its opinion granting the evidentiary hearing, the district court “could not conclude that [McNair] had failed to develop the factual basis of this claim in the state proceedings, because the state court had foreclosed [his] attempts to develop the requisite expert testimony.” McNair v. Haley, 97 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1279 (M.D.Ala.2000). Specifically, the district court pointed to the Rule 32 court's orders (1) denying McNair funds to hire expert witnesses, (2) denying McNair's request for on order allowing “any experts” to visit him in prison, and (3) overruling McNair's objections to the denial of the first two motions. Id. On the basis of these three orders, the district court held that McNair was entitled to an evidentiary hearing under § 2254(e)(2).

The district court's evaluation of McNair's diligence in state court failed to discuss three crucial factors. The first is the chronology of events before the Rule 32 court. McNair filed his Rule 32 petition on July 5, 1995. On August 30, 1995, the Rule 32 court dismissed numerous claims as procedurally barred and scheduled a hearing on the ineffective assistance of counsel claim for September 22, 1995. McNair did not file a motion for discovery until September 8, 1995, and that motion included neither a motion for funds for independent mental health experts nor a motion for access. On September 19, McNair filed a motion requesting that the scheduled hearing be changed to a pre-hearing conference. The district court granted this motion, continuing the September 22 hearing and scheduling a status conference for that date instead. The Rule 32 hearing was rescheduled for November 8, 1995. McNair then waited until October 24, two weeks before the already continued hearing, to file his motion for expert funds. His motion for expert access was not filed until October 30, one week before the continued hearing and almost four months after the Rule 32 petition. Given their temporal proximity to the rescheduled hearing, granting either of these motions almost certainly would have mandated another continuance, as McNair acknowledged in his simultaneous filing of a motion for continuance on October 25. However, the district court's opinion made no mention of the belatedness of these motions.

The district court also ignored McNair's failure to adduce any evidence in support of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim when it was before the Rule 32 court. While the Rule 32 court's ruling on his motions for expert funds and access might have impeded McNair's presentation of expert testimony about the effects of drug addiction, he faced no impediment to establishing the factual predicate underlying his claim in other ways. Aside from expert testimony, McNair could have established that predicate by testifying himself, or having his family members testify, about his drug abuse and the changes in his personality and behavior that it caused.FN2 Moreover, McNair could have adduced evidence of the effects of drug addiction by offering treatises or other literature. Although ignored by the district court, McNair's failure to pursue these other means of establishing the factual predicate for his claim in the Rule 32 court is indicative of a lack of diligence.

FN2. In fact, McNair did offer such testimony when attempting to establish his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his federal evidentiary hearing.

A final and very significant factor ignored by the district court is McNair's failure to fairly present the issue of the Rule 32 court's denial of his motions in his appeal to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals. Although the statement of the case mentioned that the Rule 32 court had denied several motions, including those for expert funds and access,FN3 the relevant section of McNair's brief discussing the claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to introduce drug addiction evidence made no mention of the motions or their denial. The brief also never urged the Court of Criminal Appeals to remand the case to permit the presentation of that evidence.FN4 In light of McNair's failures in this regard, we cannot conclude that he diligently pursued an attempt to establish the factual basis of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals.

FN3. The brief failed to mention that the motions were made shortly before the already continued hearing.

FN4. Indeed, it was not until his application for rehearing that McNair argued to the Court of Criminal Appeals that his Rule 32 evidentiary hearing was unfair, listing, among other reasons, that the Rule 32 court had denied his motions for expert funds and access. We cannot conclude that such belated presentation of the issue to the appellate court-at a time when the State could no longer respond, after the issues for appellate review had been joined, and after the decision of the appellate court-constituted a diligent pursuit of the issue on appeal or a reasonable attempt to pursue the claim in state court.

Taken cumulatively, the facts outlined above demonstrate that McNair was not diligent in establishing the factual basis of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in state court. Because the district court ignored these crucial facts, and because of our firm conviction in this regard, we have no difficulty concluding that its findings with respect to diligence were clearly erroneous. The district court therefore erred in granting McNair a federal evidentiary hearing under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2).FN5

FN5. At oral argument, McNair argued that the state court's denial of several discovery motions made it futile for him to pursue his desired discovery in the Rule 32 court. McNair has waived that argument on appeal by raising it for the first time at oral argument.

Even if McNair had not waived the argument, our review of the proceedings leading up to the evidentiary hearing in the Rule 32 court persuade us that any such futility claim would fail. McNair filed his first discovery motion on September 8, 1995, seeking discovery of matters in the prosecution files and certain other law enforcement, correctional, medical, and mental health records. With particular relevance to this case, the discovery request for mental health records at the various state facilities was granted on September 22, 1995. On that same date, the discovery request was also granted with respect to medical records, law enforcement records, and correctional records. In addition, open file discovery was granted to McNair with respect to the prosecution files. We cannot conclude that collateral counsel could reasonably have deemed it futile to promptly move for funds for expert assistance or for access, just as we cannot conclude that counsel was diligent in waiting until just one and two weeks before the scheduled hearing to file such motions. As noted in the text, granting of such belated motions would necessarily have mandated another continuance, a fact virtually acknowledged in McNair's simultaneously filed motion to continue the November 8, 1995 hearing.

Finally, even if our assessment of the proceedings in the Rule 32 court were erroneous, there still would be no excuse for collateral counsel's failure to diligently pursue the matter in the Court of Criminal Appeals.

We now turn to the State's argument that the district court erred by not deferring to the state court's determination of McNair's ineffective assistance of counsel claim. When a claim is adjudicated on the merits in state court, AEDPA bars a federal court from granting habeas corpus relief on that claim unless the state court determination “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”FN6 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). The district court declined to apply this bar, reasoning that no state court had adjudicated McNair's ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the merits while considering the evidence before the district court after its evidentiary hearing. McNair v. Campbell, 307 F.Supp.2d 1277, 1311 (M.D.Ala.2004). However, because the district court erroneously granted the evidentiary hearing, evidence adduced therein cannot serve as a basis for habeas relief. We conclude that § 2254(d) applies with full force, and the district court erred in disregarding it.

FN6. The relevant provision reads, in full, as follows: (d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim- (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

Applying § 2254(d), it is clear that McNair is not entitled to habeas relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. That the Rule 32 court and the Court of Criminal Appeals adjudicated this claim on the merits is undisputed. It is also clear that the decisions of those courts were not contrary to, and did not involve an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, and that they did not unreasonably determine the facts in light of the evidence before them. Clearly established federal law mandates that, in order to succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, McNair would have to show that (1) his counsel's performance failed to meet the standard of a reasonably competent attorney; and (2) that this deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Scrutiny of counsel's performance is highly deferential, and the burden is on the convicted defendant to show that counsel's performance was unreasonable. Id. at 688-89, 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65. Despite bearing the burden of demonstrating his counsel's ineffectiveness, McNair adduced no evidence to support this claim during his Rule 32 proceedings. Because McNair offered no evidence to support his claim, the Court of Criminal Appeals was not unreasonable in denying relief, and its adjudication is entitled to deference under § 2254(d). The district court therefore erred in granting McNair's habeas petition on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.FN7

FN7. Because we have held that the district court erred in granting McNair an evidentiary hearing and in not deferring to the state court adjudication pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), we need not reach the State's argument that the district court erred in finding McNair's counsel ineffective in light of the evidence adduced at the federal evidentiary hearing.

B. Extraneous Evidence in the Jury Room

McNair's next claimed basis for habeas relief is that jurors improperly considered extraneous evidence during their deliberations in the guilt phase of his trial. Evidence shows that Les Davis, a Christian minister who served as the foreman of McNair's jury, brought a Bible into the jury room during deliberations, read aloud from it, and led the other jurors in prayer. McNair now claims that the Bible, which had not been admitted into the record, constituted extraneous evidence and that the jurors' consideration of it violated his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, applying state law, held that McNair was not entitled to relief. McNair, 706 So.2d at 835-38. The district court also denied relief on this claim. McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1301-05. McNair challenges this holding in his cross-appeal.

1. Procedural Bar

The district court began its discussion of McNair's extraneous evidence claim by addressing the claim's procedural posture; we shall do the same. As noted above, McNair's claim in his federal habeas petition is that the jurors' consideration of extraneous evidence deprived him of his right to a fair trial as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, McNair argued to the state court that “the jury improperly considered and relied on extraneous evidence in violation of Alabama law.” McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1301 (internal quotation omitted) (emphasis in original). It is also clear that the Court of Criminal Appeals addressed McNair's extraneous evidence claim solely under state law principles. McNair, 706 So.2d at 837-38 (relying on standards set out in Ex parte Troha, 462 So.2d 953 (Ala.1984), Ex parte Lasley, 505 So.2d 1263 (Ala.1987), and Roan v. State, 225 Ala. 428, 143 So. 454 (1932)). Because McNair did not raise the federal constitutional issue in state court, the district court held that the issue was procedurally defaulted. McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1301. However, because the State failed to argue the procedural bar, the district court held that the bar was waived and proceeded to consider the merits. Id. at 1302. For the reasons discussed below, the district court properly held that McNair had procedurally defaulted his Sixth Amendment claim, but erred in holding that the state waived the default.

Habeas petitioners generally cannot raise claims in federal court if those claims were not first exhausted in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1); Kelley v. Sec'y for Dept. of Corr., 377 F.3d at 1343. In order to be exhausted, a federal claim must be fairly presented to the state courts. Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275, 92 S.Ct. 509, 512, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971). “It is not sufficient merely that the federal habeas petitioner has been through the state courts ... nor is it sufficient that all the facts necessary to support the claim were before the state courts or that a somewhat similar state-law claim was made.” Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1343-44 (citing Picard, 404 U.S. at 275-76, 92 S.Ct. at 512 and Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6, 103 S.Ct. 276, 277, 74 L.Ed.2d 3 (1982)). Rather, in order to ensure that state courts have the first opportunity to hear all claims, federal courts “have required a state prisoner to present the state courts with the same claim he urges upon the federal courts.” Picard, 404 U.S. at 275, 92 S.Ct. at 512 (citations omitted). While we do not require a verbatim restatement of the claims brought in state court, we do require that a petitioner presented his claims to the state court “such that a reasonable reader would understand each claim's particular legal basis and specific factual foundation.” Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1344-45 (citing Picard, 404 U.S. at 277, 92 S.Ct. at 513).

While these broad principles are relatively clear, the district court correctly noted that many courts have struggled to pinpoint the minimum requirements that a habeas petitioner must meet in order to exhaust his remedies. For instance, the Supreme Court recently wrote that a petitioner wishing to raise a federal issue in state court can do so “by citing in conjunction with the claim the federal source of law on which he relies or a case deciding such a claim on federal grounds, or by simply labeling the claim ‘federal.’ ” Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32, 124 S.Ct. 1347, 1351, 158 L.Ed.2d 64 (2004). If read in a vacuum, this dicta might be thought to create a low floor indeed for petitioners seeking to establish exhaustion. However, we agree with the district court that this language must be “applied with common sense and in light of the purpose underlying the exhaustion requirement [:] ‘to afford the state courts a meaningful opportunity to consider allegations of legal error without interference from the federal judiciary.’ ” McNair, 315 F.Supp.2d at 1184 (quoting Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 257, 106 S.Ct. 617, 620, 88 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986)). This is consistent with settled law established by the Supreme Court. See Picard, 404 U.S. at 275, 92 S.Ct. at 512 (“We emphasize that the federal claim must be fairly presented to the state courts.”). We therefore hold that “ ‘[t]he exhaustion doctrine requires a habeas applicant to do more than scatter some makeshift needles in the haystack of the state court record.’ ” Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1345 (quoting Martens v. Shannon, 836 F.2d 715, 717 (1st Cir.1988)).

With these principles in mind, we now consider the extraneous evidence arguments that McNair presented in state court. In his initial brief to the Court of Criminal Appeals, McNair relied almost exclusively on state law. The section of his brief addressing his extraneous evidence claim was captioned: “MR. MCNAIR'S JURY IMPROPERLY CONSIDERED AND RELIED ON EXTRANEOUS EVIDENCE DURING ITS GUILT PHASE DELIBERATIONS IN VIOLATION OF ALABAMA LAW.” All of the substantive argument contained in that section of McNair's brief addressed Alabama law, with the bulk of it consisting of McNair's attempt to analogize his case to Ex parte Troha, 462 So.2d at 953. The relevant part of the brief contained only two references to federal law. The first was a citation to Jones v. Kemp, 706 F.Supp. 1534 (N.D.Ga.1989), which was one of seven cases included in a string citation supporting McNair's claim that “jurors may not consider extraneous evidence during their deliberations and courts have consistently and repeatedly reversed convictions where such consideration has occurred.” The other reference to federal law came in the closing paragraph of McNair's argument, when he wrote that the jurors' consideration of the Bible violated his rights “protected by the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth[,] and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Alabama Constitution[,] and Alabama law.” Importantly, McNair never mentioned, much less argued, the federal standard that extraneous evidence is presumptively prejudicial. FN8 See Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466, 473, 85 S.Ct. 546, 550, 13 L.Ed.2d 424 (1965); Remmer v. United States, 347 U.S. 227, 229, 74 S.Ct. 450, 451, 98 L.Ed. 654 (1954); United States v. Martinez, 14 F.3d 543, 550 (11th Cir.1994) (“Prejudice is presumed the moment the defendant establishes that extrinsic contact with the jury in fact occurred.” (internal quotation omitted)).

FN8. Jones v. Kemp, 706 F.Supp. at 1558-60, the one federal case buried in McNair's string cite, also did not mention the presumption of prejudice.

McNair's reliance on state law continued when he went before the Alabama Supreme Court. His nine page petition for certiorari on the extraneous evidence issue did not cite a single federal case; its only mention of federal law was a repetition of the concluding paragraph of his argument before the Court of Criminal Appeals. His brief in support of the petition included a verbatim restatement of the Jones v. Kemp citation and closing paragraph from his brief to the Court of Criminal Appeals and nothing more. Again, the presumption of prejudice that arises under federal law was never mentioned.

McNair's references to federal law in his state habeas proceedings are exactly the type of needles in the haystack that we have previously held are insufficient to satisfy the exhaustion requirement. See Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1344-50. McNair never cited any United States Supreme Court or federal appellate court case dealing with extraneous evidence, nor did he mention the presumption of prejudice that arises under federal law when jurors consider such evidence. Instead, he relied on state law opinions to argue a state law claim under a state law standard, citing a lone federal district court opinion (which itself did not mention the federal presumption of prejudice) only as part of a string citation illustrating various courts' holdings with respect to extraneous evidence in the jury room. A careful review of the record makes it clear that McNair did not fairly present his federal constitutional claim to the state court. He therefore failed to exhaust his state court remedies and is procedurally barred from raising his non-exhausted federal claim in his federal habeas petition. FN9

FN9. A habeas petitioner can only evade the exhaustion requirement by showing cause for and actual prejudice resulting from the default or by establishing a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1345 (citations omitted). McNair clearly cannot satisfy either of these exceptions, as there is no conceivable excusable cause for his failure to raise his Sixth Amendment claim in state court and no fundamental miscarriage of justice will result from its default.

While the district court correctly held that McNair's Sixth Amendment claim is procedurally barred due to lack of exhaustion, it went on to consider the merits of the claim after finding that the State waived the procedural bar. McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1301-02. The district court based its waiver finding on the State's failure to identify the Sixth Amendment issue as procedurally defaulted in its briefs to the district court. Id. However, the State's failure to raise exhaustion does not constitute a waiver under AEDPA, which mandates that “[a] State shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion requirement or be estopped from reliance upon the requirement unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives the requirement.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3); see Dill v. Holt, 371 F.3d 1301, 1302 n. 1 (11th Cir.2004) (stating that AEDPA requires a court to address exhaustion when it is not expressly waived by the State). We have conducted a careful review of the State's briefs to this court as well as the district court and have found no express waiver of the exhaustion requirement.FN10

FN10. At oral argument, McNair's counsel suggested that the State expressly waived the exhaustion requirement in its brief to this court. That is not the case. The State claimed in its brief that McNair's Sixth Amendment extraneous evidence claim should have been procedurally barred, and then simply repeated the district court's holding that the State had waived the procedural bar by failing to assert it.

Thus, the posture of this case is as follows: McNair has failed to properly exhaust his extraneous evidence claim; the State has not expressly waived that failure; and the claim could no longer be brought in state court if we dismissed McNair's petition for lack of exhaustion.FN11 The claim is therefore procedurally barred. Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1351.

FN11. There is no question that Alabama law would bar McNair from presently raising his Sixth Amendment extraneous evidence claim in state court. See, e.g., Whitt v. State, 827 So.2d 869, 876 (Ala.Crim.App.2001) (holding that new claims raised in subsequent habeas petitions are barred as successive unless the petitioner can show cause and a miscarriage of justice). We can therefore safely address McNair's other claims rather than remanding the case to the district court with instructions to dismiss the petition. Kelley, 377 F.3d at 1351.

This raises an interesting question. Section 2254(b)(3), by its own language, applies only to the exhaustion requirement. It does not mention procedural default, which, while related to exhaustion, is distinct. However, we are persuaded that § 2254(b)(3) applies with full force in cases such as this, where the procedural bar arises only as a direct result of the petitioner's failure to exhaust his state law remedies.FN12

FN12. This presents an issue of first impression in this circuit. In Perruquet v. Briley, 390 F.3d 505, 516 (7th Cir.2004), the Seventh Circuit listed our opinion in Nelson v. Schofeld, 371 F.3d 768 (2004), as holding that § 2254(b)(3) applies to a procedural bar that arises from a failure to exhaust. However, we doubt that our opinion actually so held. The district court in Nelson had dismissed a habeas petition as procedurally barred, and this court did affirm. Nelson, 371 F.3d at 769, 771. In the process of affirming, Nelson did rely upon the express waiver requirement of § 2254(b)(3) in rejecting the petitioner's argument that the State had waived exhaustion. Id. at 770 n. 4. However, the Certificate of Appealability in Nelson included only the issue of whether Nelson was required to petition the Supreme Court of Georgia for certiorari in order to exhaust his state remedies. Id. at 769. Neither the Certificate of Appealability nor the discussion in the opinion addressed whether § 2254(b)(3) applies not only to exhaustion, but also to a procedural bar that arises out of a failure to exhaust. Thus, we doubt that Nelson definitively resolves this issue. However, we do note that the result in Nelson is entirely consistent with our holding today.

It is well established that when a petitioner has failed to exhaust his claim by failing to fairly present it to the state courts and the state court remedy is no longer available, the failure also constitutes a procedural bar. See, e.g., Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735 n. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2557 n. 1, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) (citations omitted) (“[I]f the petitioner failed to exhaust state remedies and the court to which the petitioner would be required to present his claims in order to meet the exhaustion requirement would now find the claims procedurally barred ... there is a procedural default for purposes of federal habeas.”). In such a situation, the Supreme Court has held that the petitioner has failed to properly exhaust his state court remedies and therefore has procedurally defaulted his claims. O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 848, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 1734, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999) (emphasizing that the relevant inquiry is “not only whether a prisoner has exhausted his state remedies, but also whether he has properly exhausted those remedies, i.e., whether he has fairly presented his claims to the state courts” (emphasis in original)).

Because § 2254(b)(3) provides that the State can waive McNair's failure to properly exhaust his claim only by expressly doing so, it logically follows that the resulting procedural bar, which arises from and is dependent upon the failure to properly exhaust, can only be waived expressly. See Franklin v. Johnson, 290 F.3d 1223, 1238 (9th Cir.2002) (O'Scannlain, J., concurring) (“There could be no procedural bar in this case without [petitioner's] failure ... to exhaust his claim. Thus, because the State's argument is based upon [petitioner's] failure to exhaust his claim, which, as a byproduct, renders it procedurally barred for our purposes, I would hold that the State did not waive this argument by failing to raise it below.” (emphasis in original)). Thus, because the State did not expressly waive McNair's procedural default in this case, we hold that § 2254(b)(3) applies and that McNair is procedurally barred from raising his extraneous evidence claim.

In so holding, we join the Tenth Circuit, which has repeatedly applied § 2254(b)(3) and its express waiver requirement to procedural bars arising from a petitioner's failure to properly exhaust his state court remedies. See Ellis v. Hargett, 302 F.3d 1182, 1189 (10th Cir.2002); Gonzales v. McKune, 279 F.3d 922, 924-25 (10th Cir.2002) (en banc) (relying on section 2254(b)(3) and its express waiver requirement in holding that a petitioner's unexhausted claim was procedurally barred even though the State asserted the bar for the first time at en banc oral argument); Hale v. Gibson, 227 F.3d 1298, 1327-28 and n. 12 (10th Cir.2000). We also note that a number of other circuits have discussed the issue without resolving it. See Kerns v. Ault, 408 F.3d 447, 449 n. 3 (8th Cir.2005) (implying that § 2254(b)(3) would apply to a procedural default arising out of a petitioner's failure to properly exhaust state court remedies, but finding an explicit waiver by the State); Perruquet v. Briley, 390 F.3d 505, 515-16 (7th Cir.2004) (collecting relevant cases but not resolving the issue because the State had not actually waived the procedural bar arising out of the petitioner's failure to exhaust). Only the Ninth Circuit, in its opinion in Franklin, 290 F.3d at 1231, has adopted the contrary view.FN13

FN13. We agree with the rationale of Judge O'Scannlain's concurring opinion in Franklin, and we respectfully disagree with the majority opinion which Judge O'Scannlain criticized. We believe that the Franklin majority misplaced its reliance on the Supreme Court's decision in O'Sullivan. As indicated in the text above, the Court in O'Sullivan recognized the interplay of the concepts of exhaustion and procedural bar and held that the relevant claim was procedurally barred because of the habeas petitioner's failure to properly exhaust the claim in the state courts. O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 848, 119 S.Ct. at 1734. Indeed, the Franklin majority's approach-rigidly limiting the exhaustion concept to situations in which the state remedies were available at the time of the federal petition-seems to be drawn more from Justice Stevens' dissent in O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 851-56, 119 S.Ct. at 1735-38 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (asserting that the concept of exhaustion assumed the continued availability of state remedies and criticizing the majority for focusing on exhaustion in a context in which state remedies were no longer available). Like Justice Stevens' dissent, the Franklin majority relies upon a quotation from Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 125 n. 28, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 1570 n. 28, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982), suggesting that the exhaustion concept applies only when remedies are still available at the time of the federal petition. However, the quotation from Engle is not only dicta, but it also fails to account for O'Sullivan's later holding discussing the interplay of the two doctrines when the state remedies are no longer available and recognizing the dependency of the bar upon the failure to exhaust.

In holding that § 2254(b)(3) applies to this particular procedural bar, we emphasize that this holding applies only to a procedural bar that arises out of a failure to exhaust state remedies. Such a procedural bar is to be distinguished from one that arises, not because of a failure to exhaust, but rather because the state court will not hear the claim due to a state procedural bar. For example, most states require contemporaneous objections and often decline to entertain a claim because of a failure to object. Such a claim may well be fully exhausted, but nevertheless procedurally barred in federal court because of the State's invocation of its bar for failure to object. In such a case, the procedural bar in federal court has nothing to do with exhaustion, and therefore § 2254(b)(3) would not apply.FN14

FN14. Indeed, our own case of Romine v. Head, 253 F.3d 1349 (11th Cir.2001), is such a case. There, the relevant claim was clearly exhausted, having been raised on direct appeal and in the state habeas court. The latter court declined to address the claim because it had already been addressed and decided by the Georgia Supreme Court. Id. at 1363. The federal district court noted that Romine had failed to preserve the issue by failing to object at trial, but that there was no procedural bar because the Georgia Supreme Court had decided the issue on the merits. However, this court noted that even “if there were any procedural bar ..., the State has waived it. The State did not assert a procedural bar to this specific claim in the district court, and has not argued one as to it in this [c]ourt.” Id. at 1364. Romine is distinguished from the instant case, and provides no guidance for it, because the only possible procedural bar there did not arise out of a failure to exhaust state remedies. Rather, the possible bar resulted from a failure to object at trial. Indeed, the claim was fully exhausted. We note also that the Romine panel properly did not mention § 2254(b)(3).

Similarly, Jackson v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 641, 652 n. 35 (5th Cir.1999), declined to apply § 2254(b)(3) to a procedural bar that did not arise from a failure to exhaust state remedies. Rather, the default in that case arose from a failure to comply with Texas' contemporaneous objection rule. Id. at 651-52. See also Franklin v. Johnson, 290 F.3d at 1238-39 (O'Scannlain, J., concurring) (similarly distinguishing Jackson v. Johnson). In short, the district court correctly concluded that McNair's extraneous evidence claim is procedurally barred due to lack of exhaustion, but it erred in concluding that the State has waived the procedural bar. Accordingly, the district court should have dismissed this claim as procedurally barred.

2. The Merits

Even if McNair's scattered references to federal law in his state court proceedings did satisfy the exhaustion requirement, or even if the State had waived the procedural bar, and we reiterate that neither is true in this case, McNair still would not be entitled to relief on this claim. In the peculiar circumstances of this alternative holding, we will assume arguendo, but expressly not decide, that the claim is best reviewed de novo.FN15 However, relevant findings of fact by the state court are still presumed correct absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

FN15. If McNair's scattered references to federal law in state court were enough to satisfy the exhaustion requirement, then it is clear that de novo review would be appropriate. See Romine, 253 F.3d at 1365 (holding that this court applies de novo review when a state court fails to apply federal law or an identical state law rule to a federal claim). On the other hand, if the federal claim was not fairly presented to the state courts, but the procedural default was waived, the appropriate review is less clear.

Under federal law, any evidence that does not “come from the witness stand in a public courtroom where there is full judicial protection of the defendant's right of confrontation, of cross-examination, and of counsel” is presumptively prejudicial. Turner, 379 U.S. at 473, 85 S.Ct. at 550; see also Remmer, 347 U.S. at 229, 74 S.Ct. at 451; Martinez, 14 F.3d at 550. In order to give rise to this presumption, a defendant need only demonstrate that jurors had contact with extrinsic evidence. Martinez, 14 F.3d at 550. Once the defendant makes this showing, the State bears the burden of rebutting the presumption by showing that the jurors' consideration of the extrinsic evidence was harmless to the defendant. Remmer, 347 U.S. at 229, 74 S.Ct. at 451; Martinez, 14 F.3d at 550. When evaluating whether the State has met its burden, courts are to consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the introduction of the extraneous evidence to the jury. See Remmer v. United States, 350 U.S. 377, 379, 76 S.Ct. 425, 426, 100 L.Ed. 435 (1956). Our case law indicates that the factors to be considered include the heavy burden on the State, the nature of the extrinsic evidence, how the evidence reached the jury, and the strength of the State's case. Martinez, 14 F.3d at 550.

Because it is undisputed that jurors in the guilt phase of McNair's trial considered extrinsic evidence during their deliberations, our analysis focuses on whether the State can rebut the resulting presumption of prejudice. We believe that three factors are crucial to the analysis in this case: (1) the factual findings of the state court, (2) the manner in which the evidence reached the jury, and (3) the strength of the State's case against McNair. Each will be discussed in turn.

McNair raised his challenge to the jury's consideration of extraneous material during the state collateral proceedings. Both the trial court and the Court of Criminal Appeals carefully considered the claim on the merits pursuant to state law, and both courts made crucial findings of fact which are relevant to our analysis of the issue under federal law. Although McNair argued that the foreman urged the jurors to find McNair guilty based on passages from the Bible, the trial court rejected that argument, finding as a fact that two passages were read and that “[n]either of these scriptures contain material which would encourage jurors to find a defendant guilty or to recommend the death penalty.”FN16 McNair v. State, 706 So.2d at 837 (quoting the Rule 32 court's order).

FN16. The two Bible verses read included the familiar Psalm 121, and Luke 6:37. The latter verse reads as follows: “Judge not, and ye shall not be judged; condemn not and ye shall not be condemned; forgive, and ye shall be forgiven ....” The Court of Criminal Appeals also made several crucial findings of fact. Confirming the Rule 32 court's finding, it found that McNair's “assertions in his briefs ... that [Davis, the minister who served as foreman] urged the jurors to find him guilty based on passages from the Bible and that the jury relied on the Bible in finding him guilty are not supported by the record.” McNair, 706 So.2d at 838. The Court of Criminal Appeals also made crucial findings with respect to the nature and character of the readings, their intent, and their effect on the jury. These findings include the following: [T]he extraneous material, i.e., reading from the Bible and praying in the jury room during deliberations, was not of such a character or nature as to indicate bias or corruption or misconduct that might have affected the verdict. ...

From the testimony at the hearing, we conclude that the prayers and scripture readings in the jury room were intended to encourage, and had the effect of encouraging, the jurors to take their obligation seriously and to decide the question of guilt or innocence based only on the evidence presented from the witness stand in open court.

A fair reading of [Davis's] testimony, in its entirety, leads inescapably to the conclusion that his readings from the Bible and prayers in the jury room ... did not encourage its members to consider anything other than the evidence presented in the court in arriving at a verdict. There is nothing here to suggest that the jury did anything other than base its verdict on the evidence presented in open court in the trial of the case. Id. at 838. These findings of fact are of course entitled to a presumption of correctness, unless McNair demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that they are erroneous. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). McNair has made no such showing. We thus readily conclude that the foregoing state court findings of fact establish the relevant facts in this case. Moreover, our own review of the record persuades us that the state court findings are amply supported.FN17

FN17. Indeed, even if the state court findings of fact were entitled to no deference at all, our own examination of the evidence indicates that nothing judgmental or prejudicial was read.

Because we know the innocuous nature of the passages that Davis read, and because we know that the passages and prayers merely had the “effect of encouraging the jurors to take their obligations seriously and to decide the question of guilt or innocence based only on the evidence,” we readily conclude that the State has easily carried its burden of rebutting the presumption of prejudice.

In addition to the innocuous nature of the extrinsic evidence and the fact that it did not distract the jury from basing its verdict on the evidence presented, two other factors indicated in the case law also strongly favor the State. As the district court noted, the extraneous evidence in this case was brought in by a juror, and did not carry the imprimatur of the court. FN18 McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1304. Additionally, the state offered overwhelming and largely uncontested evidence of McNair's guilt.FN19 Both of these factors favor the state, and, when combined with the state's findings of fact, readily establish that the jury's consideration of extraneous evidence was harmless in this case.

FN18. The instant case is unlike Jones v. Kemp, 706 F.Supp. at 1560, where the jurors consulted a Bible with the express permission of the trial judge. The instant case is also very different from Romine, 253 F.3d at 1358-71, which addressed a related due process issue. The challenge there was to a closing argument in which the prosecutor urged the jurors in the sentencing phase to follow the law of God, which the prosecutor argued mandates death for one who kills his parents. Id. at 1368-69. Additionally, the case itself was saturated with evidence relating to religion; the jury was sequestered during deliberations in a Baptist church; and there was evidence that at least one or two jurors were influenced by the prosecutor's improper argument.

FN19. Because a separate jury considered the death penalty, the extraneous evidence issue relates only to the guilt phase.

Because the state could successfully rebut the presumption of prejudice arising from the jury's consideration of extraneous evidence, McNair would not have been entitled to relief on this claim even if he had properly raised it in state court. The district court properly rejected this claim.

C. Racial Discrimination in Jury Selection

McNair's final claim is that the State's use of peremptory challenges to strike a number of African-American potential jurors violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). McNair raised this claim before the Court of Criminal Appeals and the Supreme Court of Alabama on direct appeal, and both courts denied relief. Ex parte McNair, 653 So.2d 353, 354-58 (Ala.1994); McNair, 653 So.2d at 323. The district court, after reviewing the state court opinions and conducting an independent review of the record, likewise denied relief on this claim. McNair, 307 F.Supp.2d at 1293. We agree that McNair has not made out a claim for relief under Batson.

In Batson, the United States Supreme Court established a three-step test for evaluating claims of racial discrimination in jury selection. The defendant must first establish a prima facie case by producing evidence sufficient to support the inference that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 125 S.Ct. 2410, 162 L.Ed.2d 129 (2005); Batson, 476 U.S. at 96, 106 S.Ct. at 1723. The burden then shifts to the State to rebut the defendant's prima facie case by offering race-neutral explanations for its challenges. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S.Ct. at 1723. The State's proffered explanation at this stage need not be “persuasive or even plausible ... the issue is the facial validity of the prosecutor's explanation.” Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 1771, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (internal quotation omitted).

If both sides carry their burdens, it is left to the court to determine whether the defendant has proven purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S.Ct. at 1724. At this point, “the decisive question will be whether counsel's race-neutral explanation ... should be believed.” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 365, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 1869, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991) (plurality opinion). This is “a pure issue of fact, subject to review under a deferential standard ... [and] peculiarly within a trial judge's province.” Id. at 364-65, 111 S.Ct. at 1869 (internal quotation omitted). Also, because this claim was decided on the merits by the Alabama courts, McNair is not entitled to habeas relief unless he can “demonstrate that [the] state court's finding of the absence of purposeful discrimination was incorrect by clear and convincing evidence ... and that the corresponding factual determination was ‘objectively unreasonable’ in light of the record.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 348, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 1045, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003); see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)-(e); Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. ----, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 2325, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 (2005). This standard is demanding, but not insurmountable. Miller-El, 125 S.Ct. at 2325.

McNair's trial jury was selected from a sixty-four member venire that included eighteen African-Americans. Ex parte McNair, 653 So.2d at 355. The prosecutor used eleven of his twenty-six peremptory challenges to strike African-Americans; the remaining seven African-American members of the venire served on McNair's jury.FN20 Id. McNair argues both that the totality of the circumstances of the jury selection process indicates a Batson violation and that three particular strikes constituted violations. We address each of these claims in turn.

FN20. The Supreme Court of Alabama noted that the county from which the jury pool was drawn was approximately forty percent black, the venire twenty-eight percent black, and the ultimate jury fifty-eight percent black. McNair, 653 So.2d at 356. It held that these statistics negated a finding of disparate impact and, as a part of its totality of the circumstances analysis, that they were a relevant factor weighing against a finding of discriminatory intent. Id. After viewing the totality of the circumstances, we cannot conclude that this was an unreasonable determination of the facts.

1. The Jury Selection Process as a Whole

McNair presents three arguments intended to cast doubt on the jury selection process: (1) that the district attorney's office that handled McNair's prosecution has a history of racial discrimination; (2) that the prosecutor did not question ten of the eleven stricken African-American venire members about the specific area of concern that prompted the use of the peremptory challenge; and (3) that the prosecutor relied on “vague and unsubstantiated notes” from an assistant district attorney as the basis for challenging five of the venire members. We readily discount the latter two assertions. The prosecutor's failure to question most of the stricken African-American venire members about the specific concern that prompted the use of the challenge is not very persuasive in this case. For example, it is not likely to have been productive to question a juror about age or a prior misdemeanor or a bad reputation. Moreover, the prosecutor also struck white jurors without such specific questioning. With respect to McNair's assertion that the prosecutor relied on vague and unsubstantiated notes from his assistant, McNair fails to explain why a prosecutor's reliance on notes and information furnished by an assistant is any indication at all of racial bias. Furthermore, our review of the notes does not persuade us that they were unduly vague or unsubstantiated. Although McNair's assertion that the district attorney's office had a history of racial discrimination is a matter of some concern, we will consider that as part of our totality of the circumstances analysis after discussing McNair's challenges with respect to individual jurors.

2. The Individual Challenges

A defendant can establish a Batson violation by demonstrating that any single strike was the result of purposeful discrimination. Cochran v. Herring, 43 F.3d 1404, 1412 (11th Cir.1995). In an attempt to do this, McNair argues that his prosecutors peremptorily challenged three specific venire members in violation of Batson. Before discussing the merits of each claim, we note that in no instances does McNair argue that the prosecutor's proffered reasons for the strikes were facially discriminatory. We also note that the state trial court made a finding of fact that the strikes were not racially motivated, and that the Alabama Supreme Court concluded that the trial court's ruling was not clearly erroneous. McNair, 653 So.2d at 355-56. Thus, the only question facing this court is whether McNair can show by clear and convincing evidence that the state court finding was erroneous.

McNair's first claim focuses on James McAllister. The prosecutor's proffered reason for striking McAllister was that the latter was not from Henry County. In response to a question during voir dire, McAllister gave his address as Route 3, Box 605, which is in Henry County, and stated that he worked in Eufala, Alabama, which is not in Henry County. He remained silent when the trial judge asked the entire venire if any of them resided outside of Henry County. Finally, the notes supplied by the prosecutor's assistant suggested that McAllister did not live in Henry County. Presented with this information, the prosecutor reasonably could have believed that McAllister did not live in Henry County. McAllister clearly worked in another county, his address may have implied residence in another county, and his silence in the face of a general question from the trial judge, while informative, is not dispositive. Although the prosecutor's reason for striking McAllister was based on a belief that ultimately proved incorrect, this does not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the state court's finding of fact was erroneous, and McNair presents no additional evidence to support his contention.

McNair's next claim focuses on Allen Boatwright. The prosecutor struck Boatwright because the latter had a prior misdemeanor conviction. McNair argues that this reason was pretextual because the prosecutor had earlier, when asking if any venire members or their relatives or close friends had been prosecuted by that particular district attorney's office, stated that he was not interested in misdemeanors. This argument is not persuasive. After narrowing the field somewhat with his initial inquiry, the prosecutor reasonably could have decided that, of the remaining venire members, he would prefer those without prior criminal violations. We also note that the prosecutor struck white venire members who had prior misdemeanor convictions. The prosecutor's proffered reason was plausible and race-neutral, and McNair offers no evidence to support his claim of pretext.

The subject of McNair's third claim is David Marsh. The prosecutor struck Marsh on the basis of a recommendation from an assistant district attorney who knew Marsh and his apparently poor reputation in the community. This reason is facially neutral, and McNair offered no evidence that it was pretextual. In the absence of any evidence that the state's proffered facially neutral reason was pretextual, McNair cannot overcome the presumption favoring the state court's determination.

3. The Totality of the Circumstances

After a careful review of the record, we cannot conclude that the totality of the circumstances provides clear and convincing evidence that the state court's finding of the absence of purposeful discrimination was incorrect, nor can we conclude that the court's corresponding factual determination was objectively unreasonable in light of the record before the court. As noted in the preceding discussion, McNair offers virtually no evidence to indicate that the prosecutor's articulated legitimate reasons for the individual strikes were pretextual. McNair's challenges in that regard are mere speculation lacking any persuasive force.

The only argument with any force at all is McNair's list of cases in which convictions obtained by this district attorney's office have been reversed or criticized on the basis of Batson. We cannot conclude that this argument can carry McNair's heavy burden. We note initially that McNair himself admits that a prosecutor's history of discrimination, while a relevant consideration, is not dispositive. In addition, McNair has wholly failed to connect any conduct criticized in the cited cases to McNair's own prosecutor, much less his conduct in this case. Such disconnected history cannot carry McNair's burden, especially when the prosecutor's articulated, legitimate reasons for each strike remain virtually unimpeached.FN21

FN21. In suggesting that this court's opinion in Cochran, 43 F.3d at 1410, implies that evidence such as that presented by McNair can be determinative of a Batson claim, the district court either exaggerates the evidence in the instant case, misreads Cochran, or both. In Cochran, there was strong evidence that the prosecutor's office had a policy of striking black venire members on the basis of their race in effect at the time of defendant's trial. Several former prosecutors who served at the relevant time so testified, and Cochran's own prosecutor testified that black jurors were less reliable, more distrustful of the police, less likely to return a death penalty, and more likely to identify with a black defendant. Id. Cochran's prosecutor also provided no specific non-racial reasons for his strikes in that case. On the basis of that evidence, it was clear that race was a determining factor in the exercise of peremptory challenges removing seven of nine available black jurors, leaving only one to serve, plus one alternate. As indicated in the text, the circumstances here are very different. The State offered legitimate, non-racial reasons for each strike, and McNair proffered virtually no evidence indicating that the reasons were pretextual. And in this case, the state courts found as a fact that the strikes were not racially motivated. McNair has failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that the finding is erroneous.

Having considered the totality of the circumstances, and in light of the presumption enjoyed by the state court findings of fact, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), we cannot conclude that McNair has rebutted the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the state court decision was based on an unreasonable determination of facts in light of the evidence presented to the state court, 24 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2); and thus, the district court correctly denied habeas corpus relief with respect to this Batson claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

We hold that the district court erred in granting McNair an evidentiary hearing and in holding that he was entitled to habeas relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The district court's order granting habeas relief on that claim is therefore REVERSED. We also hold that the district court erred in failing to apply the procedural bar with respect to McNair's extraneous evidence claim. However, we need not disturb the district court's order on that issue, as it correctly held that McNair was not entitled to relief on the merits. The district court also correctly held that McNair was not entitled to relief on his Batson claims. The district court's order denying McNair's petition with respect to his extraneous evidence claim and Batson claims is therefore AFFIRMED.

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.